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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 33 Cerebellar Lesions > Flashcards

Chapter 33 Cerebellar Lesions Flashcards

1
Q

The flocculonodular lobe is also called the vestibulocerebellum. This implies that the flocculonodular lobe receives input from the _____________ nuclei.

A

vestibular

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2
Q

The flocculonodular lobe is the ____________- cerebellum: it receives input from the ________________ nuclei and projects back to the vestibular nuclei

A

vestibulo-

vestibular

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3
Q

The vestibular nuclei receive input from the vestibular apparatus: saccule, utricle, and _______________________ canals.

A

semicircular

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4
Q

Damage to the flocculonodular lobe affects a patient ‘s sense of __________________.

A

balance

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5
Q

Poor ___________ will cause the patient to have difficulty in walking

A

balance

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6
Q

Because a lesion in the flocculonodular lobe impairs ______________ rather than motor control, the patient’s legs will function ______________ when the patient is lying down

A

balance

normally

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7
Q

Since the nodulus and the connections of the flocculi are in the roof the 4th ventricle, lesions anywhere in the surroundings of the 4th ventricle will affect the _______________________lobe

A

flocculonodular

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8
Q

The roof of the 4th ventricle is the most common site for medulloblastomas. A medulloblastoma in the roof of the 4th ventricle will impair the function of the ______________- _________________ lobe.

A

flocculonodular

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9
Q

A medulloblastoma in the roof of the 4th ventricle will wreck the patient’s sense of ________.

A

balance

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10
Q

Difficulty in walking not accompanied by poor control or poor tone of the legs when the patient is lying down is often due to a medulloblastoma in the __________ of the ______ _______________.

A

roof

4th ventricle

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11
Q

The roof of the 4th ventricle is the most common location for a ______________________.

A

medulloblastoma

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12
Q

A neuroma in the vestibulocochlear nerve is called an acoustic ____________ after the old name for the vestibulocochlear nerve.

A

neuroma

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13
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve enters the brainstem next to the flocculus. Thus an acoustic neuroma will press on the _________________ nerve and on the __________ on the same side

A

vestibulocochlear

flocculus

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14
Q

The pressure of an acoustic neuroma on a vestibulocochlear nerve will impair _________ and __________.

A

hearing

balance

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15
Q

The pressure of an acoustic neuroma on a flocculus will have even more effect on ____________ than the pressure on the vestibulocochlear nerve does.

A

balance

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16
Q

If a gait problem is due to damage to the _________ on only one side, the patient is likely to fall toward the affected side

A

flocculus

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17
Q

Many patients will try to compensate for damage to the flocculus by keeping the feet far _______ in a wide stance

A

apart

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18
Q

Occlusion of an anterior inferior cerebellar artery will also damage the flocculus on only one ________. This will cause the patient to have a _______ stance and to fall toward the ________
side when walking.

A

side
wide
affected (lesioned)

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19
Q

The usual blood supply of the flocculi are the __________ ___________ _______________ arteries which are the most inferior branches of the ___________ ________.

A

anterior inferior cerebellar

basilar

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20
Q

The posterior inferior cerebellar arteries branch off the _______________ arteries just before the _______________ arteries join to form the basilar artery

A

vertebral

vertebral

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21
Q

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies blood to the nodulus of the cerebellum and to the dorsolateral 1/3 of the ____________, which includes the ____________ _____________ peduncle.

A

flocculonodular lobe

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22
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle brings muscle stretch information to the _____________ to facilitate cerebellar regulation of muscle tone

A

cerebellum

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23
Q

Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery will destroy the ____________ _____________ peduncle, and the several nuclei in the dorsolateral third of the ___________.

A

inferior cerebellar medulla

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24
Q

Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery will cause dysfunction of the ______ side of the cerebellum due to damage to the ______________ of the cerebellum and lack of tone in the ipsilateral limbs due to destruction of the ___________ _______________ peduncle.

A

same (ipsilateral)
flocculus
inferior cerebellar

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25
Q

Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery will cause additional symptoms due to destruction of the dorsolateral third of the ______________.

A

medulla

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26
Q

Damage to the lateral medulla due to occlusion of the ___________________
_______________________ will impair the sense of ___________ and may cause the patient to fall toward the side ___the lesion when walking

A

posterior
inferior cerebellar artery balance
of (ipsilateral to)

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27
Q

Balance problems alone suggest the likelihood of a __________ in the vicinity of the _____________________ lobe. Balance problems combined with unilateral lack of muscle tone and loss of lower cranial nerve function suggest the likelihood of occlusion of the ___________ ____________ ________________ ___________.

A

tumor (medulloblastoma)
flocculonodular
posterior
inferior cerebellar artery

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28
Q

The vermis and fastigial nuclei are responsible for tone in the axial musculature. Damage to either the __________ or the ______________ ________ will cause instability of the trunk

A 
vermis		
fastigial nuclei (cerebellar roof)
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29
Q

Damage to one fastigial nucleus causes few symptoms because the output of the fastigial nuclei is ___________________.

A

bilateral (partially crossed)

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30
Q

Swaying of the trunk severe enough to interfere with walking suggests damage to the ______ or to both _______________ ________.

A

vermis

fastigial nuclei

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31
Q

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum is called the spinocerebellum because it gets most of its input from the spinal cord via the _________ __________ peduncle. The posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum in the _____________
_______________ _____________.

A

inferior cerebellar
inferior cerebellar
peduncle

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32
Q

The anterior lobe uses the information supplied by the ____________ ________________ ________ and the ________________ _______to adjust muscle tone in the _______ and __________ respectively.

A

posterior spinocerebellar tract cuneocerebellar tract legs
arms

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33
Q

Damage to the anterior lobe or the ___________ _________________ peduncle causes loss of tone on the affected side because cerebellum works with the _________ side of the body

A

inferior cerebellar

same (ipsilateral)

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34
Q

Damage to one side of the anterior lobe makes it very difficult to place the _____________ foot where one wishes to.

A

ipsilateral

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35
Q

Damage to both sides of the anterior lobe makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to place the feet ________________________. This condition is called ataxia

A

where one wishes

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36
Q

Damage to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum when its supply of ATP is cut off by thiamine deficiency causes _________.

A

ataxia

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37
Q

Bilateral damage to the anterior lobe also makes it difficult to direct one’s gaze in the _____________ ____________.

A

desired direction

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38
Q

Wernicke’s ataxia is damage to the _______________ lobe of the cerebellum due to _______
deficiency.

A

anterior thiamine

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39
Q

Wernicke’s ataxia usually includes both _________ and difficulty in directing one’s ______.

A

ataxia gaze

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40
Q

Alcoholics often have Wernicke’s ataxia because alcoholic beverages contain no ____________.

A

thiamine

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41
Q

Failure to absorb thiamine due to gastric bypass surgery or antacid therapy can also cause _____________ __________.

A

Wernicke’s ataxia

42
Q

Due to its constant high expenditure of __________ the heart needs almost as much thiamine as the spinocerebellum.

A

energy (or ATP)

43
Q

Wernicke’s ataxia may involve life-threatening effects on the _____________.

A

heart

44
Q

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum projects to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus via the globose and emboliform nuclei. Damage to the ___________ and ___________ nuclei will have the same effect as damage to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum

A

globose

emboliform

45
Q

The globose and emboliform nuclei project to the ventrolateral nucleus of the ____________ via the superior cerebellar peduncles.

A

thalamus

46
Q

Through its projections in the ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬______________ _________________ peduncle, the anterior lobe of the cerebellum instructs the ventrolateral nucleus of the _______________in the adjustment of muscle tone.

A

superior cerebellar

thalamus

47
Q

Without the assistance of the spinocerebellum, the basal nuclei and thalamus create too little or too much ______________ ___________.

A

muscle tone

48
Q

“Dys” is Greek for bad. Dystonia is too little or too much __________________ _________.

A

muscle tone

49
Q

Dystonia is a typical result of damage to the ____________ _______ of the _____________.

A

anterior lobe

cerebellum

50
Q

If you press down on the outstretched arm of a patient with dystonia, there will be little or no ________________.

A

resistance (or muscle tone)

51
Q

When you release the dystonic arm, it will rise too high because, in the absence of cerebellar instruction, the basal nuclei and thalamus have created too much _____________ _________ in the outstretched arm.

A

muscle tone

52
Q

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum and its output nuclei, the ___________ and ___________ nuclei, receive their blood supply from the superior cerebellar artery.

A

globose

emboliform (in either order)

53
Q

Occlusion of one __________ __________________ _____________ will cause ataxia and loss of muscle tone in the __________________ extremities

A

superior cerebellar artery

ipsilateral

54
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum is called the pontocerebellum because the __________ that project to it are in the pons

A

neurons (or nuclei)

55
Q

Axons of some neurons in the motor and associative areas of the _____________ _________ synapse on neurons in the pontine nuclei.

A

cerebral cortex

56
Q

The contralateral __________ nuclei relay information from the cerebral cortex to the cortex of the pontocerebellum

A

pontine

57
Q

The axons of neurons in the ________________ pontine nuclei reach the cortex of the __________________ lobe of the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

contralateral

posterior

58
Q

The enormous number of axons in the _________ _________________ ______________ suggests the magnitude of the influence of the pontine nuclei on the _______________ _______
of the cerebellum.

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

posterior lobe

59
Q

Because the axons in the middle cerebellar peduncle cross higher than the axons in the corticospinal tract do, the pontine nuclei and the cerebral cortex both control movement on the ___________________ side of the body.

A

contralateral (or opposite)

60
Q

Because the input to the pontocerebellum comes from the _______________ side of the pons, the pontocerebellum should project back to the _______________ cerebral cortex (via the _________________ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus

A

contralateral (or opposite)
contralateral (or opposite side of the)

contralateral

61
Q

Like the anterior lobe of the cerebellum, the posterior lobe of the cerebellum projects to the __________-lateral ventrolateral nucleus of the ______________.

A

contra- ventrolateral

62
Q

Like most thalamic nuclei, the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus projects to the ________________ side of the _______________ cortex

A

ipsilateral (or same) cerebral

63
Q

Because the pontocerebellum influences the contralateral primary motor cortex, the signs of pontocerebellar damage appear in the _________________ limbs

A

ipsilateral

64
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum coordinates and smooths out premeditated actions initiated by the contralateral

A

primary motor cortex (or cerebral motor cortex)

65
Q

Premeditated actions resolve (or decompose) into a series of small steps if the ____________ ________ of the cerebellum is damaged.

A

posterior lobe

66
Q

One of the typical signs of damage to the posterior lobe of the cerebellum, the pontine nuclei, or the middle cerebellar peduncle is ___________________ of movement

A

resolution (or decomposition)

67
Q

Damage to the posterior lobe of the cerebellum leaves the cerebral cortex uncertian of how much effort is required to reach an object. This results in the patient reaching _____ ____ or not far enough to grasp or touch an object.

A

too far

68
Q

Reaching _____ _______ is called “past pointing.”

A

too far

69
Q

Resolution of ________________ and _______ ______________ are signs of damage to the posterior lobe of the cerebellum

A

movement

past pointing

70
Q

Lack of feedback from the posterior lobe of the cerebellum causes the ___________ cortex to seek the correct line of action by moving the arm or leg from one side to the other of the intended line of action.

A

cerebral (or motor)

71
Q

The wobbling of the arm or leg around the _______________ line of action is often called “intention tremor.”

A

intended (or desired)

72
Q

While “intention tremor” starts with the _____________ to act, it becomes worse during actual movement

A

intention

73
Q

Since “kinetic” is Greek for “moving,” intention tremor is also called _________ ________..

A

kinetic tremor

74
Q

Kinetic tremor, or ____________ _______ is a typical sign of damage to the _____________ _______ of the ___________________.

A

intention tremor
posterior lobe
cerebellum

75
Q

. Resting tremor is a typical sign of Parkinson’s disease but ____________ tremor is a sign of a lesion in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum

A

kinetic (or intention)

76
Q

Rarely, resting tremor is a sign of an ________________ of caffeine

A

overdose

77
Q

The combination of resolution of ________________ and “_______ pointing” makes it impossible for a patient with damage to the posterior lobe of the cerebellum to reverse a movement quickly

A

movement

past

78
Q

Dys” is Greek for _____, and Kinesis is Greek for ________________. “Diadocho” is Greek for reversal. Thus “dysdiadochokinesis” is ______ _____________ of _______________.

A

bad movement
bad reversal
movement

79
Q

Whereas anterior lobe cerebellar lesions cause dystonia, posterior lobe lesions cause ___________________________________.

A

dysdiadochokinesis

80
Q

_______________________ is usually due to a lesion in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum.

A

dysdiadochokinesis

81
Q

The cortex of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum projects to the ____________ nucleus

A

dentate

82
Q

The dentate nucleus projects to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus via the _____________ __________________ peduncle.

A

superior cerebellar

83
Q

A lesion in the dentate nucleus has the same effect as a lesion in the _____________ lobe of the _______________.

A

posterior

cerebellum

84
Q

The anterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies blood to the middle cerebellar peduncle, the posterior lobe of the cerebellum, and, usually, the dentate nucleus. Thus occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery causes ______________ tremor, “past-________________”, ______________ of movement, and __________________________________.

A

kinetic (or intention) pointing resolution dysdiadochokinesis

85
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum, its input tract and output nucleus are completely dependent on the ____________ __________________ __________________ artery

A

anterior inferior cerebellar

86
Q

The word “usually” frequently appears in discussions of the _____________ ____________
_______________ artery.

A

anterior inferior

cerebellar

87
Q

The course and size of the ____________ _____________ cerebellar artery are extremely variable

A

anterior inferior

88
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum suppresses unwanted ______________ and unwanted thoughts.

A

movement

89
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis and kinetic tremor are often accompanied by depression because the damaged ______________ _________ fails to _____________ negative thoughts.

A

posterior lobe suppress

90
Q

Difficulty in walking due to poor balance alone suggests damage to the ______________ on the side to which the patient falls.

A

flocculus

91
Q

The most common cause of damage to the flocculus or its connections is _________________ in the _________ of the 4th ventricle

A

medulloblastoma roof

92
Q

The flocculus may also be damaged by an ______________ neuroma or by occlusion of a branch of the _____________ ____________ _____________ __________.

A

acoustic

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

93
Q

An acoustic neuroma will also damage ____________ and cause ___________ paralysis of the __________ muscles on the side of the neuroma.

A

hearing
flaccid
facial

94
Q

Difficulty in walking due to poor muscle tone in the trunk suggests damage to the __________ due to occlusion of a branch of the _____________ _____________ __________.

A

nodulus posterior inferior cerebellar artery

95
Q

Unilateral dystonia of the extremities accompanied by vertigo and loss of protopathic sensation suggests damage to the ____________ _____________ _____________ due to occlusion of the _____________ _____________ ____________ __________.

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

96
Q

Global dystonia is usually due to damage to the ____________ _________ of the cerebellum due to ____________ deficiency.

A

anterior lobe

thiamine

97
Q

Global dystonia due to ____________ deficiency is often treated by intravenous drip of ____________ to prevent damage to the ____________.

A

thiamine

thiamine heart

98
Q

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum may be damaged by occlusion of the _____________

A

anterior

inferior cerebellar artery

99
Q

Lesions of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum usually cause ___________ tremor, ________________ of movement, and __________________________.

A

kinetic (or intention)

resolution (or decomposition) dysdiadochokinesis

100
Q

In addition to disorders of ______________, lesions of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum often cause ______________.

A

movement

depression

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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