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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 22 Auditory Pathways > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Auditory Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

VIII was once called the auditory nerve because it is the nerve of _____________.

A

hearing

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2
Q

Many anatomists objected to calling VIII the ___________ nerve because it serves the function of hearing as well as the function of ____________.

A

auditory

balance

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3
Q

The central processes of __________ _____ __________ in the vestibular ganglion and the spiral ganglion of the cochlea synapse on neurons in the nuclei of VIII.

A

primary sensory neurons

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4
Q

VIII is now called the vestibulocochlear nerve because it carries information from the ______________ ganglion and the spiral ganglion of the __________.

A

vestibular

cochlea

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5
Q

Although some mnemonics still refer to VIII as the ____________ nerve, VIII is formally called the ___________________________ nerve.

A

auditory

vestibulocochlear

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6
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve enters the _________________ at the border between the medulla and the pons.

A

brainstem

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7
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve is assigned to the medulla although 1/3 of its nuclei are in the lower ____.

A

pons

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8
Q

Four nuclei of VIII are in the ___________, and 2 nuclei of VIII are in the ______.

A

upp medulla

lower pons

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9
Q

Most of the nuclei of the vestibulocochlear nerve that are assigned to the upper medulla extend a short distance into the lower _______, and one nucleus assigned to the lower pons extends a short distance into the upper _____________.

A

pons

medulla

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10
Q

The dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and the inferior and medial vestibular nuclei of VIII are in the upper medulla; the lateral and superior vestibular nuclei of VIII are in the ___________ _______.

A

lower pons

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11
Q

The dorsal cochlear nucleus is in the _________ ____________ dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

A

upper medulla

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12
Q

The dorsal cochlear nucleus is ________________ to the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

A

dorsolateral

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13
Q

The dorsal cochlear nucleus is in the ___________ _____________between the ____________ ________________ ____________ and the lateral aperture of the 4th ventricle.

A

upper medulla

inferior cerebellar peduncle

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14
Q

The ventral cochlear nucleus is in the ___________ _______________ anterior to the dorsal cochlear nucleus.

A

upper medulla

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15
Q

Auditory information reaches the ipsilateral ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) cochlear nuclei of the medulla in the cochlear division of the _________________________ nerve.

A

vestibulocochlear

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16
Q

The spiral ganglion of the cochlea sends auditory information to the ipsilateral ___________ and _________ _____________ nuclei.

A

dorsal

ventral cochlear

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17
Q

The central processes of the axons of spiral ganglion cells branch with the ventral branch synapsing in the ipsilateral __________ ___________ __________ and the dorsal branch synapsing in the ipsilateral __________ ___________ ___________.

A

ventral cochlear nucleus

dorsal cochlear nucleus

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18
Q

Each sound frequency is detected in a specific spot in the cochlea, and each sound frequency synapses in a specific spot in the ______________ dorsal cochlear nucleus, and each sound frequency synapsing in 3 specific spots in the ______________ ventral cochlear nucleus.

A

ipsilateral

ipsilateral

19
Q

The dedication of a linear array of places to specific sound frequency/pitch is called

A

tonotopic organization (Greek: tono=tone, topos=place)

20
Q

The dorsal cochlear nucleus and each of the 3 parts of the ventral cochlear nucleus have independent ________________ organizations.

A

tonotopic

21
Q

Tonotopic organization is preserved in the projections of the __________ and __________ ___________ nuclei.

A

dorsal
ventral
cochlear

22
Q

Thus _________________ organization is preserved in all pathways from the cochlea to the nucleus of the inferior colliculus in the lower midbrain.

A

tonotopic

23
Q

The nucleus of the inferior colliculus is inside the ____________ ______________ in the ________ midbrain.

A

inferior colliculus

lower

24
Q

Directly or indirectly, each nucleus of the ____________ _____________ receives tonotopically organized information from both dorsal cochlear nuclei and both ventral cochlear nuclei.

A

inferior colliculus

25
Q

Auditory information from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei reaches the nucleus of the inferior colliculus through the

A

lateral lemniscus.

26
Q

Some projections of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei to the __________ of the ____________ _______________ are direct.

A

nucleus inferior colliculus

27
Q

Indirect projections of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei to the nucleus of the inferior colliculus are relayed by the ____ in the lower pons and the ___ at the mid-pontine level.

A

lower: superior olivary complex
mid: nucleus of the lateral lemniscus

28
Q

Some auditory information relayed to the ___________ ___ _____ ___________ ______________ from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei crosses from left to right and vice-versa one to four times.

A

nucleus of the inferior colliculus

29
Q

The first crossing of auditory information is between the ______ and the ____ of the lower pons.

A

ventral cochlear nucleus

superior olivary complex

30
Q

The second crossing of auditory information is between the ____________ __________ ____________ of the lower pons and _____ in the mid-pons

A

superior olivary nucleus

nucleus of the lateral lemniscus

31
Q

The third crossing of auditory information is between the ___________ of the ___________ _________________ in the mid-pons and the nucleus of the inferior colliculus.

A

nuclei lateral leminiscus

32
Q

Some auditory information crosses from the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus to the _______________ nucleus of the inferior colliculus and some information crosses from one nucleus of the lateral lemniscus to the _______________ nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.

A

contralateral

contralateral

33
Q

Because the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus are at the same level, their projections to each other are called a ________________.

A

commissure

34
Q

The ________________ of the __________ _____________ is at the mid-pontine level.

A

commissure lateral leminisci

35
Q

The final crossing of auditory information is the _______________ of the inferior colliculi in which the nuclei of the inferior colliculi project to each other.

A

commissure

36
Q

The nuclei of the auditory system can detect the direction to the source of a sound by comparing the time delay between the arrival of information from the __________ and the ________.

A

right

left ears

37
Q

Because the _____________ _____________ ____________, the ____________ of the ___________ _______________, and the ___________ of the _____________ _______________ receive both crossed and uncrossed auditory information, all can participate in detecting the source of a sound.

A

superior olivary complex
nuclei lateral lemniscus
nuclei inferior colliculus

38
Q

The nucleus of the inferior colliculus receives information directly or indirectly from both _________ of the ___________ ____________, both __________ ___________ ______________, and both _____________ ___________, but it projects to only the ipsilateral medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

A

nuclei lateral lemniscus
superior olivary complexes
cochlear nuclei

39
Q

The nucleus of the inferior colliculus projects to the ipsilateral __________ _______________ ___________ of the thalamus through the brachium of the inferior colliculus.

A

medial geniculate nucleus

40
Q

The medial geniculate nucleus of the _____________ receives information from the ipsilateral ____________ of the ___________ _______________ through the ____________ of the ___________ _____________.

A

thalamus
nucleus inferior colliculus
brachium inferior colliculus

41
Q

Due to the many crossings of auditory information in the brainstem, each medial geniculate nucleus is conscious of sound in _________ ears.

A

both

42
Q

Each medial geniculate nucleus is conscious of sound in both ears even ‘though it receives projections from only the ipsilateral ____________ of the ___________ _____________.

A

nucleus inferior colliculus

43
Q

The medial geniculate nucleus receives projections from the _______________ nucleus of the inferior colliculus through the ___________ of the ____________ ______________.

A

ipsilateral

brachium inferior colliculus

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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