Chapter 32 Divisions of the Cerebellum

Question 1

Axons in the upper part of the posterior spinocerebellar and lower part of the cuneocerebellar tract carrying muscle stretch information from back muscles synapse on ____________ _______ in the cortex of the central strip of the cerebellum.

Answer 1

granule cells

Question 2

The central 1/6 of the cerebellum, called the vermis, receives information about ___________ _________ in the ___________ of the ________.

Answer 2

muscle
stretch (or tone)
muscles
back

Question 3

Granule cells in the vermis receive muscle stretch information from the ________ in mossy fibers of the ___________ _________________ and __________________ tracts.

Answer 3

back

posterior spinocerebellar cuneocerebellar

Question 4

The granule cells in the cortex of the ____________ project muscle stretch information from the back to the __________ of ____________ _______ through _____________ fibers.

Answer 4

cerebellum
dendrites
Purkinje cells
horizontal (or parallel)

Question 5

Purkinje cells in the vermis receive ___________ fibers from the medial accessory olivary nucleus.

Answer 5

climbing

Question 6

The projections of the ________ ____________ __________ ________ to Purkinje cells in the vermis try to correct inadvertent errors of posture.

Answer 6

medial accessory olivary nucleus

Question 7

Purkinje cells in the _________ of the cerebellum project their reactions to muscle stretch in the back to the fastigial nuclei.

Answer 7

vermis

Question 8

Thus the fastigial nuclei receive Purkinje cell reactions to muscle stretch in the back from Purkinje cells in the_________ and Purkinje cell reactions to balance problems from Purkinje cells in the ___________________ _______.

Answer 8

vermis

flocculonodular lobe

Question 9

The fastigial nuclei are concerned with both muscle tone in the _______ and ____________.

Answer 9

back

balance

Question 10

The fastigial nuclei in the _______ of the _____ ____________ are flanked by the globose nuclei

Answer 10

roof

4th ventricle

Question 11

The __________ nuclei that flank the fastigial nuclei are themselves flanked by the emboliform nuclei.

Answer 11

globose

Question 12

The emboliform nuclei are lateral and slightly rostral to the __________ nuclei.

Answer 12

globose

Question 13

The huge dentate nucleus is lateral to the other 3 deep cerebellar nuclei (or roof nuclei), which are, from medial to lateral: _____________, __________, and _________________.

Answer 13

fastigial, globose, and emboliform

Question 14

One mnemonic for the medial to lateral _____________. __________, ________________. _________ sequence is “Fat Guys Eat Doughnuts.”

Answer 14

fastigial,
globose,
emboliform
dentate

Question 15

Because they lie between the fastigial and dentate nuclei, the ___________ and _________________ nuclei are often called the interposed nuclei.

Answer 15

globose

emboliform

Question 16

Muscle stretch information from the extremities is carried to the interposed nuclei and the cerebellar cortex by the _______-lateral ______________ ____________________ and ________________ tracts.

Answer 16

ipsi

posterior spinocerebellar cuneocerebellar

Question 17

Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts split to synapse in an ______________ nucleus and on granule cells in the _____________ ________.

Answer 17

interposed cerebellar cortex

Question 18

Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts reach the cerebellar cortex as ________ fibers that end on ____________ cells in the paravermal zone lateral to the vermis.

Answer 18

mossy

granule

Question 19

The paravermal zone (or intermediate zone) is a pair of strips of cerebellar cortex lateral to the ________. Each strip is half as wide as the vermis.

Answer 19

vermis

Question 20

The vermis is roughly twice as wide as the right (or left) _______________ ______.

Answer 20

paravermal zone

Question 21

The granule cells in the paravermal zone project to the __________ of ___________ _______ in the outer layer of the cortex of the ______________ _______.

Answer 21

dendrites
Purkinje cells
paravermal zone

Question 22

The Purkinje cells of the paravermal zone project to the interposed nuclei which lie lateral to the
____________ _______.

Answer 22

fastigial nucleus

Question 23

The paravermal zone is defined as the area of the cerebellar cortex that projects to the _________ and _____________ nuclei.

Answer 23

globose

emboliform (in either order)

Question 24

The interposed nuclei receive input from both ____________ cells and cells in the _________ __________ nucleus or the _________ __________ _________.

Answer 24

Purkinje
dorsal thoracic
accessory cuneate nucleus

Question 25

The ____________ _________ can compare the intentions of Purkinje cells with the muscle tension reported by the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts.

Answer 25

interposed nuclei

Question 26

The interposed nuclei project the decisions of the ____________ _______ of the ______________ zone to the contralateral red nucleus and to the contralateral ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus..

Answer 26

Purkinje cells | paravermal zone

Question 27

The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus receives the projections of the ________-lateral ______________ ________ through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

Answer 27

contra- | interposed nuclei

Question 28

The red nucleus receives the projections of the ________-lateral ______________ ________ through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

Answer 28

contra- | interposed nuclei

Question 29

The superior cerebellar peduncles cross in the _________ ____________.

Answer 29

lower midbrain

Question 30

The red nucleus projects to the dorsal accessory olivary nucleus through the __________ ________________ _______.

Answer 30

central tegmental tract

Question 31

The dorsal accessory olivary nucleus also receives information from the spinal cord through the _______________ tract

Answer 31

spino-olivary

Question 32

The dorsal accessory olivary nucleus sends ____________ fibers to the paravermal zone of the ________-lateral cerebellar cortex.

Answer 32

climbing | contra-

Question 33

The feedback loop of Purkinje cell to _______________ _________ to ______ __________ to ________ ___________ ________ _________ to Purkinje cell allows the dorsal accessory olivary nucleus to detect and correct inappropriate muscle tone.

Answer 33

interposed nuclei red nucleus | dorsal accessory olivary nucleus

Question 34

Inappropriate muscle tone is detected by neurons in the _______ ____________ _________ _________ and corrected by the synapses of climbing fibers on ___________ _________ in the _______________ cerebellar cortex

Answer 34

dorsal accessory olivary nucleu nucleus Purkinje cells contralateral

Question 35

Purkinje cells in the cortex of the paravermal zone send instructions for muscle tone to the ._____________ nuclei which project to the contralateral ventrolateral thalamic nucleus and red nucleus.

Answer 35

interposed

Question 36

The ventrolateral nucleus of the ___________ sends instructions to the premotor cortex (Brodmann area 6).

Answer 36

thalamus

Question 37

The paravermal zone of the cerebellar cortex projects to the premotor cortex by way of the ______________ _________ and the ______-lateral _______________ _________ of the thalamus

Answer 37

interposed nuclei contra- ventrolateral

Question 38

The vermis and paravermal zone are often discussed together as the spinocerebellum because they receive most of their input from the ___________ ____________________ and cuneocerebellar tracts.

Answer 38

posterior spinocerebellar

Question 39

The posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts relay information from neurons in _________ ganglia

Answer 39

sensory (or spinal)

Question 40

The 1/3 of each side of the cerebellum lateral to the paravermal zone is the pontocerebellum whose inputs are primarily from the _________ nuclei and whose projections are to the dentate nucleus

Answer 40

pontine

Question 41

The paravermal zone is defined by its projections to the __________ and _______________ nuclei

Answer 41

globose emboliform

Question 42

The pontocerebellum is defined by its projections to the __________ nucleus

Answer 42

dentate

Question 43

The central 1/3 of the cerebellum is the ___________________, and the lateral 2/3 is the ____________________.

Answer 43

spinocerebellum | pontocerebellum

Question 44

Most input to the spinocerebellum is relayed from neurons in the ________ __________ by neurons in the spinal cord and lateral cuneate nucleus.

Answer 44

sensory (or spinal) ganglia

Question 45

Most input to the pontocerebellum is relayed from neurons in the cerebral cortex by neurons in the __________ _________.

Answer 45

pontine nuclei

Question 46

The pontocerebellum is __________ to the spinocerebellum

Answer 46

lateral

Question 47

Purkinje cells in the pontocerebellum project to the _________ _________.

Answer 47

dentate nucleus

Question 48

The dentate nucleus monitors the correspondence of intention with execution by comparing input from the __________ _____________ with input from axon collaterals from the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

Answer 48

pontine nuclei

Question 49

Like the other deep cerebellar nuclei, the dentate nucleus projects to the contralateral ______ _________ and the _________________ ________ of the thalamus

Answer 49

red nucleus ventrolateral

Question 50

The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus projects to the ____________ __________.

Answer 50

premotor cortex

Question 51

The red nucleus projects to the inferior olivary nucleus which sends _____________ fibers to the Purkinje cells of the pontocerebellum.

Answer 51

climbing

Question 52

Olivocerebellar projections to the pontocerebellum come from the ___________-lateral ___________ _________ ________.

Answer 52

contra- | inferior olivary nucleus

Question 53

Like the other olivary nuclei of the medulla, the inferior olivary nucleus is informed of the progress of an action by the __________________ tract.

Answer 53

spino-olivary

Question 54

Whereas olivocerebellar projections to the spinocerebellum correct poor __________ _______, olivocerebellar projections to the pontocerebellum correct poor coordination.

Answer 54

muscle tone

Question 55

Keeping force proportional to the task is the job of the __________________, and coordinating actions is the job of the ___________________.

Answer 55

spinocerebellum | pontocerebellum

Question 56

The cerebellum has 3 lobes: anterior, posterior, and ___________________.

Answer 56

flocculonodular

Question 57

Although the ________________ and _______________ tracts project to the paravermal zones of both anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum, responsibility for muscle tone resides in the small anterior lobe

Answer 57

spinocerebellar cuneocerebellar

Question 58

Due to its small size, the ___________ lobe has only spinocerebellum.

Answer 58

anterior

Question 59

The large _____________ lobe has both spinocerebellum and pontocerebellum.

Answer 59

posterior

Question 60

The primary fissure divides the cerebellum into a small rostral ____________ lobe and a large caudal _____________ lobe

Answer 60

anterior | posterior

Question 61

Although the ____________ lobe is anterior to the primary fissure, it is superior to the _____________ lobe in humans

Answer 61

anterior | posterior

Question 62

The anterior and posterior lobes are defined by their positions with respect to the ____________ fissure.

Answer 62

primary

Question 63

The spinocerebellum of the ____________ lobe regulates the force of actions, and the spinocerebellum of the ______________ lobe regulates the timing of actions.

Answer 63

anterior | posterior

Question 64

The pontocerebellum of the posterior lobe ______________ actions at multiple joints

Answer 64

coordinates

Question 65

Although muscle tone in the arms and legs is regulated by the _____________ ________ of the _________________, muscle tone in the head is regulated by the vermis of the _____________ _______.

Answer 65

anterior lobe | cerebellum posterior lobe

Question 66

Muscle tone is regulated by the _____________ _______ of the cerebellum, but coordination is regulated by the posterior lobe

Answer 66

anterior lobe

Question 67

There are a pair of bimanual hand coordination areas on the superior surface of the ______________ ________ of the cerebellum lateral to the areas regulating muscle tone in the hands.

Answer 67

posterior | lobe

Question 68

The bimanual hand coordination areas that help the hands work together are on anterolateral edges of the ____________ surface of the ____________ lobe of the cerebellum

Answer 68

superior posterior

Question 69

A second hand coordination area is located on the inferior surface of the ______________ _______ as part of a _________________ ________ for the entire body.

Answer 69

posterior lobe | somatotopic map

Question 70

As this diagram shows, hand coordination areas are __________ to trunk coordination areas and _______________ to foot coordination areas in the somatotopic map of the inferior surface of the posterior lobe..

Answer 70

lateral | posterior

Question 71

Areas regulating muscle tone in the hands are __________ to areas regulating muscle tone in the trunk and _______________ to areas regulation muscle tone in the feet

Answer 71

lateral | posterior

Question 72

The somatotopy of the regulation of muscle tone can be shown by ____ homunculus on the _____________ lobe, but showing the somatotopy of coordination requires _____ _________________ and a few extra pictures.

Answer 72

one | anterior two homunculi

Question 73

On both the superior surface of the anterior lobe and the inferior surface of the posterior lobe, the head is ________________ to the rest of the homunculus.

Answer 73

posterior (or dorsal)

Question 74

The deep nuclei and the anterior lobe of the cerebellum receive their blood supply from the ___________ ____________ ________.

Answer 74

superior cerebellar artery

Question 75

. The flocculus and most of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum usually receive their blood supply from the _____________ ___________ _____________ ________.

Answer 75

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 76

The nodulus and the inferior cerebellar peduncle receive their blood supply from the ____________ ___________ _____________ ________.

Answer 76

posterior | inferior cerebellar artery

Question 77

The “tonsil” of the cerebellum, the wedge-shaped anteromedial sixth of the inferior surface of the cerebellum, gets its blood supply from the ______________ ___________ ______________ _________.

Answer 77

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 78

The tonsil of the cerebellum is wedge occupying the medial half of the usual territory of the _____________ ____________ ______________ artery

Answer 78

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 79

The tonsil of the cerebellum is a ___________ of pontocerebellum pointing toward the foramen magnum

Answer 79

wedge

Question 80

The tonsil of the cerebellum is a ___________ on the dorsolateral side of the upper medulla

Answer 80

wedge

Question 81

The vermis of the cerebellum monitors _____________ _________ in the muscles of the _________.

Answer 81

muscle tone back

Question 82

Most Purkinje cells in the vermis project to the _____________ nuclei, but those in the nodulus also project to the _______________ nuclei and the ______________ ______________.

Answer 82

fastigial | vestibular reticular formation

Question 83

The paravermal zone of the cerebellum monitors ____________ _________ in the muscles of the _______________.

Answer 83

muscle tone | extremities

Question 84

Purkinje cells in the paravermal zone project to the ____________ and ________________ nuclei which project to the ________ _____________ and the _____________.

Answer 84

globose emboliform red nucleus thalamus

Question 85

The anterior lobe is entirely within the ___________ and ________________ ___________ of the cerebellum.

Answer 85

vermal paravermal zones

Question 86

The hemispheres of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum manage _______________ of the ____________ of the __________________.

Answer 86

coordination muscles extremities

Question 87

Purkinje cells in the hemispheres of the posterior lobe project to the _____________ nucleus which projects to the _______ nucleus and the ____________.

Answer 87

dentate red thalamus

Question 88

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum is __________ or ____________ to the posterior lobe in humans.

Answer 88

rostral | superior

Question 89

The superior cerebellar artery feeds the ______________ _________, the anterior inferior cerebellar artery feeds the _______________ _________ and _______________, and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery feeds the ____________ and _____________ ______________ _______________.

Answer 89

anterior lobe posterior lobe flocculus nodulus inferior cerebellar peduncle