Chapter 34 Thalamus Flashcards
The ____________, the ________________, the subthalamus, and the epithalamus make up the diencephalon.
thalamus hypothalamus
Most of the basal plate of the diencephalon became the ________________.
hypothalamus
Most of the alar plate of the diencephalon became the ____________.
thalamus
The epithalamus is a tiny part of the _______________ attached to the posterior edge of the thalamus
diencephalon
The thalamus rests on the superior border of the ______________.
midbrain
Because they are lateral to the posterior part of the hypothalamus, the subthalamic nuclei cannot be seen in a ________________ section of the brain.
sagittal
Like the hypothalamus, the subthalamic nuclei develop from the _________ plate of the ___________________.
basal
diencephalon (or prosencephalon)
The subthalamic nuclei are ___________ to the hypothalamus and inferior to the thalamus
lateral
The subthalamic nuclei are ___________ to the hypothalamus and inferior to the thalamus
lateral
The diencephalon develops around the anterior end of the neural tube which becomes the narrow slit of the _____ _____________ between the right and left halves of the thalamus and hypothalamus
3rd ventricle
Most of the ______ ____________ is inside the thalamus which is larger than the hypothalamus
3rd ventricle
As its name implies, the hypothalamus is ___________ to the thalamus, but it is also anterior to it
inferior
The _____ ____________ splits the thalamus into mirror-image 2 halves, each of which is the size of a small hen’s egg (USDA peewee).
3rd ventricle
. In most people, the most medial parts of the two halves of the thalamus touch to form the massa intermedia in the center of the _________ ______________.
3rd ventricle
The massa intermedia is the most __________ part of the most __________ nucleus of each half of the thalamus, the nucleus reuniens
medial
medial
The nucleus reuniens is a thin covering over the _________ surface of each ________ of the thalamus.
medial
half
The nucleus ___________ gets its name from the fact that it anatomically unites the halves of the thalamus (in most people).
reuniens
The massa intermedia is only an _____________ union; it is not a functional union
anatomical
Except at the ________ ______________, the halves of the nucleus reuniens are separated from each other by the ________ _____________.
massa intermedia
3rd ventricle
The massa intermedia is part of the ____________ __________.
nucleus reuniens
The telencephalon grew out from the alar region of the diencephalon which became the ___________.
thalamus
The anatomical connection of the ________________ with the alar region of the diencephalaon becomes a functional connection of the cerebrum with the thalamus
cerebrum
Most of the input of the rest of the nervous system to the cerebral cortex is mediated by the ___________.
thalamus
Most thalamic nuclei project to specific areas of the ipsilateral ___________ ________.
cerebral cortex
All thalamic nuclei project to _______-lateral cerebral cortex
ipsi
Since most thalamic nuclei are named by position, the most ____________ nucleus of the thalamus is called the anterior nucleus.
anterior
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus sends encoded memories to the cingulate gyrus of the ___________ _________.
cerebral cortex
The cingulate gyrus receives encoded declarative and episodic memories from the ___________ __________ of the thalamus
anterior nucleus
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus is part of the circuit that encodes facts and events as declarative and episodic ___________.
memories
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus is involved in the encoding of _____________ and ___________ memories, but not in the encoding of procedural memories
episodic
declarative
Branches of the ____________ ___________ _________ supply blood to the midbrain and thalamus
posterior cerebral artery
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus often receives its blood supply from the thalamoperforating branch of the ____________ ___________ ________.
posterior cerebral artery
The tuberothalamic artery usually supplies only the ___________ __________ of the ___________.
anterior nucleus thalamus
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus usually gets its blood supply from the tuberothalamic branch of the _______________ _______________ __________.
posterior communicating artery
The anterior nucleus is separated from the rest of the ___________ by the arms of the Y-shaped internal medullary lamina
thalamus
The internal medullary lamina is a vertical sheet of white matter that splits each half of the thalamus into medial, lateral, and ____________ parts.
anterior
The sixth of the thalamus enclosed by the split anterior end of the ___________ _____________ __________ is called the anterior nucleus
internal medullary
lamina
The internal medullary lamina is a thin sheet of _________ ___________, but the nuclei of the thalamus are __________ ___________.
white matter
grey matter
The medial part of each half of the thalamus contains the thin __________ __________ and the large dorsomedial nucleus
nucleus reuniens
The dorsomedial nuclei are separated from the rest of the thalamus by the __________ ___________ __________.
internal medullary
lamina
Each dorsomedial nucleus projects to the _____-lateral prefrontal region of the __________ _______.
ipsi- cerebral cortex
The prefrontal cortex gets major thalamic input from the _______________ _________ through the anterior thalamic peduncle
dorsomedial nucleus
The dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus projects to the prefrontal cortex through the ____________ __________ ___________.
anterior thalamic peduncle
The anterior and middle parts of the thalamus usually get their blood supply from the thalamoperforating branches of the ______________ __________ artery.
posterior cerebral artery
The most posterior part of the thalamus is the pulvinar which is separated from the _______________ _________ by the internal medullary lamina
dorsomedial nucleus
Although the _________________ nucleus appears larger in a dorsal view, the pulvinar is the largest part of the thalamus
dorsomedial
If the ____________ is considered a single nucleus, it is the largest nucleus of the thalamus
pulvinar
The pulvinar processes spatial relationships and sends spatial information to the _________ of the parietal lobe
cortex
The pulvinar directs the attention of the ___________ cortex to a particular place in space
parietal
The pulvinar also assists the primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) with the _________ orientation of motor activity.
spatial (or positional)
A lesion in the pulvinar often leads to __________ of the contralateral visual field
neglect (or ignorance)
Lesions in the ___________ often cause “contralateral neglect syndrome.”
pulvinar
The pulvinar usually gets its blood supply from the posterior choroidal branch of the _____________ ___________ _________.
posterior cerebral artery
The posterior cerebral artery supplies the pulvinar via the ______________ ______________ artery
posterior choroidal
The pulvinar and the choroid plexus of the third ventricle get their blood supply from the ______________ ___________ __________.
posterior choroidal artery
The pulvinar receives some visual information about _________ relationships from the lateral geniculate nucleus attached to its inferolateral surface
spatial (or positional)
The lateral geniculate nucleus is on the inferolateral surface of the ____________ lateral to the medial geniculate nucleus
pulvinar
The inferior colliculus projects to the _________ geniculate nucleus via the brachium of the inferior colliculus.
medial
The medial geniculate nucleus receives _____________ information from the ipsilateral inferior colliculus via the ___________ of the ___________ _______________.
auditory brachium inferior colliculus
The medial geniculate nucleus is a relay center for __________, and the lateral geniculate nucleus is a relay center for vision
hearing
- Because half of each optic nerve crosses in the optic chiasma, the lateral geniculate nucleus receives ___________ information from the ipsilateral half of each retina
visual
Each half of the retina receives the image of the _______________ visual field because the lens of the eye reverses and inverts images
contralateral (or opposite)
Thus each lateral geniculate nucleus receives information about the ________________ visual field from the _______________ half of each retina.
contralateral
ipsilateral
Each __________ _______________ ___________ sends images of the contralateral visual field to the ipsilateral primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17).
lateral genicuolate nucleus
Thalamic projections are always mostly or entirely to the ______________ cerebral cortex
ipsilateral
The geniculate nuclei get their blood supply from the thalamogeniculate artery which is usually a branch of the P2 division of the ____________ ____________ ________.
posterior cerebral artery
Occlusion of the thalamogeniculate artery or the P2 division of the posterior cerebral artery causes blindness in the _______________ ________ field
contralateral (or opposite)
The pulvinar and medial and lateral geniculate nuclei get their blood supply from the ____________________ artery.
thalamogeniculate
The thalamogeniculate artery is a branch of the _____ division of the _____________ ___________ artery.
P2
posterior cerebral
. The pulvinar, at the _____________ end of the thalamus, is on the lateral side of the internal medullary lamina
posterior
The pulvinar thus belongs to the ___________ group of thalamic nuclei
lateral
The medial and lateral groups of thalamic nuclei are separated by the ___________ ____________ ____________, but the dorsal and ventral groups are separated by imaginary lines
internal medullary lamina
The ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) is the most ______¬______ nucleus in the ventrolateral group
posterior
The VPL is just anterior to the ___________.
pulvinar
The _____________ occupies the posterior end of the thalamus.
pulvinar
The more ventral of the two nuclei anterior to the pulvinar is called the ________________________ nucleus
ventroposterolateral
The medial lemniscus carries _______________ ________, ___________, and _____________ information about the trunk and limbs to the VPL
discriminative touch, stretch,
pressure
The spinothalamic tracts carry vague touch, _______, and _______________ information from the contralateral side of the body to the VPL
pain
temperature
VPL is an abbreviation for the ______________________ _________ of the __________.
ventroposterolateral nucleus
thalamus
The _______ relays somesthetic information about the trunk and limbs to the primary somesthetic cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
VPL
. The ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM) is a smaller nucleus just medial to the _________________________
ventroposterolateral nucleus
The ventroposteromedial nucleus lies between the __________________________ nucleus and the internal medullary lamina
ventroposterolateral
The trigeminothalamic tracts bring somesthetic information from the ________ to the ventroposteromedial nucleus.
head
The ventral (anterior) trigeminothalamic tract brings ________________ _________, __________, _______, and ______________ information from the _______________ side of the head to the VPM
discriminative touch, pressure
pain
temperature contralateral (or opposite)
The dorsal (posterior) trigeminothalamic tract brings ______________ ________and ___________ information from the _____________ side of the head to the VPM
discriminative touch pressure
ipsilateral (or same)
Somesthetic sensations from the trunk and limbs are projected to the cortex of the parietal lobe by the _____, and somesthetic sensations from the head are projected to the cortex of the parietal lobe by the ______.
VPL
VPM
The VPL and VPM send somesthetic sensations to the primary somesthetic cortex on the postcentral gyrus of the ____________ lobe and the secondary somesthetic cortex on the inferior surface of the ____________ lobe where it forms the posterior end of the roof of the lateral fissure
parietal
parietal
. The primary somesthetic cortex on the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe receives somesthetic sensation from the ______ and _______ of the ____________.
VPL
VPM (in either order) thalamus
The primary somesthetic cortex is on the ________________ _________ of the ____________ lobe
postcentral gyrus parietal
The secondary somesthetic cortex on the roof of the lateral fissure receives somesthetic sensation from the ______ and ______.
VPL
VPM
The secondary somesthetic cortex is on the posterior end of the roof of the __________ ___________.
lateral fissure
The VPL and VPM receive balance information from the _________-lateral _____________ ___________________ _________ via the medial lemniscus.
ipsi-
superior
vestibular nucleus
Epicritic information crosses before entering the _________ _______________, balance information does not.
medial lemniscus
The VPL and VPM receive balance information from the _________-lateral _____________ ___________________ _________ via the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
contra-
medial
vestibular nucleus
The medial vestibular nucleus projects to the _________________ abducens nucleus and the _________________ VPL via the medial longitudinal fasciculus
contralateral
contralateral
The posterior half of the insula and adjacent cortex of the parietal lobe receive balance information from the ______ and ______ of the ____________.
VPL
VPM
thalamus
The sense of balance reaches consciousness in the posterior half of the __________ and the adjacent cortex of the ____________ lobe
insula
parietal
The small ventroposteroinferior nucleus (VPI) is ____________ to the junction of the VPL and VPM.
inferior
The ventroposteroinferior nucleus (VPI) receives itch (“pruritis”) information via the ___________ ________________________ __________.
lateral
spinothalamic tract
The VPI projects the sensation of _______ to the secondary somesthetic cortex on the roof of the lateral fissure.
itch
The secondary somatosensory cortex receives itch sensation from the _________________________ ___________ of the _____________.
ventroposteroinferior
nucleus
thalamus
The ____________________ artery usually passes through the lateral geniculate nucleus to supply blood to the ventroposterolateral, ventroposteromedial, and ventroposteroinferior nuclei
thalamogeniculate
The ventrolateral and ventral anterior nuclei lie between the ______ and the anterior nucleus
VPL
The ventral anterior nucleus is separated from the anterior nucleus by the lateral arm of the _________ ___________ _________.
internal medullary lamina
The ventrolateral nucleus is just _____________ to the ventral anterior nucleus
posterior
The ventrolateral nucleus receives major input from the ________ nuclei of the ________________ and projects to the primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) of the cerebrum.
deep (or roof) cerebellum
The primary motor cortex receives direct assistance in the coordination of skilled motor tasks from the ________________ nucleus of the ___________.
ventrolateral
thalamus
Most of the programming in the ventrolateral nucleus depends on projections from the ________ nuclei of the ________________.
deep (or roof)
cerebellum
Whereas the ventrolateral nucleus projects to the ____________ __________ _________, the ventral anterior nucleus projects to the premotor cortex
primary motor cortex
Whereas the ventrolateral nucleus is mostly concerned with the __________________ of skilled actions, the ventral anterior nucleus is mostly concerned with the initiation of actions
coordination
The initiation of actions by the __________ _____________ nucleus of the thalamus is regulated by the basal motor nuclei.
ventral anterior
The major input to the ventrolateral nucleus is from the ________________, but the major input to the ventral anterior nucleus is from the ________ _________ ___________.
cerebellum
basal motor nuclei
The most medial of the basal motor nuclei, the globus pallidus, inhibits the _________ _____________ nucleus to prevent unwanted actions
ventral anterior
Unwanted actions are prevented by the inhibition of the ventral anterior nucleus by the _________ ______________.
globus
pallidus
The intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus are inside the __________ ___________ _________.
internal medullary lamina
Medial to the ventroposterolateral nucleus, the ____________ ____________ __________ splits to enclose the most important intralaminar nucleus, the centromedian nucleus.
internal medullary lamina
The centromedian nucleus is medial to the ______ and superior to the VPM
VPL
The centromedian nucleus belongs to neither the lateral nor the medial group of thalamic nuclei because it is inside the ____________ ____________ ___________ which divides the two groups
internal medullary lamina
Since the internal medullary lamina is white matter, it contains myelinated _______ that connect the centromedian nucleus with many areas of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex.
axons (fibers)
The reciprocal connections of the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus with the ipsilateral ____________ _________ enhance alertness and motor activity
cerebral cortex
Insufficient activity of the centromedian nucleus causes lapses of _____________ or narcolepsy
alertness
. Excess activity of the centromedian nucleus produces excess ________ activity, such as nervous tics
motor
The anterior and middle nuclei of the thalamus, including the centromedian nucleus, usually get their blood supply from the thalamoperforating arteries, which are usually branches of the P1 division of the ______________ ____________ ________.
posterior cerebral artery
Because the centromedian nuclei depend on them, occlusion of both ______________________ ________ may put the patient into a coma
thalamoperforating
arteries
The geniculate, ventroposterolateral, ventroposteromedial, and ventroposteroinferior nuclei are supplied by the ______________________ artery; most of the rest of the thalamus is supplied by the _______________________ artery (or arteries).
thalamogeniculate
thalamoperforating
The thalamoperforating artery is usually a branch of the _____ division of the _____________ ___________ _________.
P1
posterior cerebral artery
The ____________________ artery supplies the ventrolateral nucleus which receives projections from the ______________ and projects to the ____________ ___________ ____________ (Brodmann area _____).
thalamoperforating
cerebellum primary motor cortex
4
The VL of the thalamus makes an essential contribution to __________________.
coordination
The ____________________ artery supplies the ventral anterior nucleus which receives projections from the __________ ______________ and projects to the ______________ __________ (Brodmann area ____ )
thalamoperforating
basal nuclei (or globus pallidus) premotor cortex
6
The VA of the thalamus is essential for ______________ of _________________.
initiation movement
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus is essential for _____________ _____________.
episodic (or declarative) memory
It is widely believed that the dorsomedial (or mediodorsal) nucleus of the thalamus supports _______________ _____________.
working memeory
The _____________________ artery supplies ____________ _________________ ____________which processes vision and the ___________ _________________ _____________ which processes hearing.
thalamogeniculate lateral geniculate
nucleus (or body) medial geniculate nucleus (or body)
The____________________ artery supplies the VPL which processes ____________________ in the _____________ and _________________ and the VPM which processes ____________________ in the ____________.
thalamogeniculate somesthesia
trunk
extremities somesthesia
face
