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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 34 Thalamus > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

The ____________, the ________________, the subthalamus, and the epithalamus make up the diencephalon.

A

thalamus hypothalamus

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2
Q

Most of the basal plate of the diencephalon became the ________________.

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

Most of the alar plate of the diencephalon became the ____________.

A

thalamus

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4
Q

The epithalamus is a tiny part of the _______________ attached to the posterior edge of the thalamus

A

diencephalon

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5
Q

The thalamus rests on the superior border of the ______________.

A

midbrain

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6
Q

Because they are lateral to the posterior part of the hypothalamus, the subthalamic nuclei cannot be seen in a ________________ section of the brain.

A

sagittal

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7
Q

Like the hypothalamus, the subthalamic nuclei develop from the _________ plate of the ___________________.

A

basal

diencephalon (or prosencephalon)

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8
Q

The subthalamic nuclei are ___________ to the hypothalamus and inferior to the thalamus

A

lateral

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9
Q

The subthalamic nuclei are ___________ to the hypothalamus and inferior to the thalamus

A

lateral

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10
Q

The diencephalon develops around the anterior end of the neural tube which becomes the narrow slit of the _____ _____________ between the right and left halves of the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

3rd ventricle

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11
Q

Most of the ______ ____________ is inside the thalamus which is larger than the hypothalamus

A

3rd ventricle

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12
Q

As its name implies, the hypothalamus is ___________ to the thalamus, but it is also anterior to it

A

inferior

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13
Q

The _____ ____________ splits the thalamus into mirror-image 2 halves, each of which is the size of a small hen’s egg (USDA peewee).

A

3rd ventricle

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14
Q

. In most people, the most medial parts of the two halves of the thalamus touch to form the massa intermedia in the center of the _________ ______________.

A

3rd ventricle

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15
Q

The massa intermedia is the most __________ part of the most __________ nucleus of each half of the thalamus, the nucleus reuniens

A

medial

medial

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16
Q

The nucleus reuniens is a thin covering over the _________ surface of each ________ of the thalamus.

A

medial

half

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17
Q

The nucleus ___________ gets its name from the fact that it anatomically unites the halves of the thalamus (in most people).

A

reuniens

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18
Q

The massa intermedia is only an _____________ union; it is not a functional union

A

anatomical

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19
Q

Except at the ________ ______________, the halves of the nucleus reuniens are separated from each other by the ________ _____________.

A

massa intermedia

3rd ventricle

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20
Q

The massa intermedia is part of the ____________ __________.

A

nucleus reuniens

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21
Q

The telencephalon grew out from the alar region of the diencephalon which became the ___________.

A

thalamus

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22
Q

The anatomical connection of the ________________ with the alar region of the diencephalaon becomes a functional connection of the cerebrum with the thalamus

A

cerebrum

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23
Q

Most of the input of the rest of the nervous system to the cerebral cortex is mediated by the ___________.

A

thalamus

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24
Q

Most thalamic nuclei project to specific areas of the ipsilateral ___________ ________.

A

cerebral cortex

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25
Q

All thalamic nuclei project to _______-lateral cerebral cortex

A

ipsi

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26
Q

Since most thalamic nuclei are named by position, the most ____________ nucleus of the thalamus is called the anterior nucleus.

A

anterior

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27
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus sends encoded memories to the cingulate gyrus of the ___________ _________.

A

cerebral cortex

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28
Q

The cingulate gyrus receives encoded declarative and episodic memories from the ___________ __________ of the thalamus

A

anterior nucleus

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29
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus is part of the circuit that encodes facts and events as declarative and episodic ___________.

A

memories

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30
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus is involved in the encoding of _____________ and ___________ memories, but not in the encoding of procedural memories

A

episodic

declarative

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31
Q

Branches of the ____________ ___________ _________ supply blood to the midbrain and thalamus

A

posterior cerebral artery

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32
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus often receives its blood supply from the thalamoperforating branch of the ____________ ___________ ________.

A

posterior cerebral artery

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33
Q

The tuberothalamic artery usually supplies only the ___________ __________ of the ___________.

A

anterior nucleus thalamus

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34
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus usually gets its blood supply from the tuberothalamic branch of the _______________ _______________ __________.

A

posterior communicating artery

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35
Q

The anterior nucleus is separated from the rest of the ___________ by the arms of the Y-shaped internal medullary lamina

A

thalamus

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36
Q

The internal medullary lamina is a vertical sheet of white matter that splits each half of the thalamus into medial, lateral, and ____________ parts.

A

anterior

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37
Q

The sixth of the thalamus enclosed by the split anterior end of the ___________ _____________ __________ is called the anterior nucleus

A

internal medullary

lamina

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38
Q

The internal medullary lamina is a thin sheet of _________ ___________, but the nuclei of the thalamus are __________ ___________.

A

white matter

grey matter

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39
Q

The medial part of each half of the thalamus contains the thin __________ __________ and the large dorsomedial nucleus

A

nucleus reuniens

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40
Q

The dorsomedial nuclei are separated from the rest of the thalamus by the __________ ___________ __________.

A

internal medullary

lamina

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41
Q

Each dorsomedial nucleus projects to the _____-lateral prefrontal region of the __________ _______.

A

ipsi- cerebral cortex

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42
Q

The prefrontal cortex gets major thalamic input from the _______________ _________ through the anterior thalamic peduncle

A

dorsomedial nucleus

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43
Q

The dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus projects to the prefrontal cortex through the ____________ __________ ___________.

A

anterior thalamic peduncle

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44
Q

The anterior and middle parts of the thalamus usually get their blood supply from the thalamoperforating branches of the ______________ __________ artery.

A

posterior cerebral artery

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45
Q

The most posterior part of the thalamus is the pulvinar which is separated from the _______________ _________ by the internal medullary lamina

A

dorsomedial nucleus

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46
Q

Although the _________________ nucleus appears larger in a dorsal view, the pulvinar is the largest part of the thalamus

A

dorsomedial

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47
Q

If the ____________ is considered a single nucleus, it is the largest nucleus of the thalamus

A

pulvinar

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48
Q

The pulvinar processes spatial relationships and sends spatial information to the _________ of the parietal lobe

A

cortex

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49
Q

The pulvinar directs the attention of the ___________ cortex to a particular place in space

A

parietal

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50
Q

The pulvinar also assists the primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) with the _________ orientation of motor activity.

A

spatial (or positional)

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51
Q

A lesion in the pulvinar often leads to __________ of the contralateral visual field

A

neglect (or ignorance)

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52
Q

Lesions in the ___________ often cause “contralateral neglect syndrome.”

A

pulvinar

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53
Q

The pulvinar usually gets its blood supply from the posterior choroidal branch of the _____________ ___________ _________.

A

posterior cerebral artery

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54
Q

The posterior cerebral artery supplies the pulvinar via the ______________ ______________ artery

A

posterior choroidal

55
Q

The pulvinar and the choroid plexus of the third ventricle get their blood supply from the ______________ ___________ __________.

A

posterior choroidal artery

56
Q

The pulvinar receives some visual information about _________ relationships from the lateral geniculate nucleus attached to its inferolateral surface

A

spatial (or positional)

57
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus is on the inferolateral surface of the ____________ lateral to the medial geniculate nucleus

A

pulvinar

58
Q

The inferior colliculus projects to the _________ geniculate nucleus via the brachium of the inferior colliculus.

A

medial

59
Q

The medial geniculate nucleus receives _____________ information from the ipsilateral inferior colliculus via the ___________ of the ___________ _______________.

A

auditory brachium inferior colliculus

60
Q

The medial geniculate nucleus is a relay center for __________, and the lateral geniculate nucleus is a relay center for vision

A

hearing

61
Q
  1. Because half of each optic nerve crosses in the optic chiasma, the lateral geniculate nucleus receives ___________ information from the ipsilateral half of each retina
A

visual

62
Q

Each half of the retina receives the image of the _______________ visual field because the lens of the eye reverses and inverts images

A

contralateral (or opposite)

63
Q

Thus each lateral geniculate nucleus receives information about the ________________ visual field from the _______________ half of each retina.

A

contralateral

ipsilateral

64
Q

Each __________ _______________ ___________ sends images of the contralateral visual field to the ipsilateral primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17).

A

lateral genicuolate nucleus

65
Q

Thalamic projections are always mostly or entirely to the ______________ cerebral cortex

A

ipsilateral

66
Q

The geniculate nuclei get their blood supply from the thalamogeniculate artery which is usually a branch of the P2 division of the ____________ ____________ ________.

A

posterior cerebral artery

67
Q

Occlusion of the thalamogeniculate artery or the P2 division of the posterior cerebral artery causes blindness in the _______________ ________ field

A

contralateral (or opposite)

68
Q

The pulvinar and medial and lateral geniculate nuclei get their blood supply from the ____________________ artery.

A

thalamogeniculate

69
Q

The thalamogeniculate artery is a branch of the _____ division of the _____________ ___________ artery.

A

P2

posterior cerebral

70
Q

. The pulvinar, at the _____________ end of the thalamus, is on the lateral side of the internal medullary lamina

A

posterior

71
Q

The pulvinar thus belongs to the ___________ group of thalamic nuclei

A

lateral

72
Q

The medial and lateral groups of thalamic nuclei are separated by the ___________ ____________ ____________, but the dorsal and ventral groups are separated by imaginary lines

A

internal medullary lamina

73
Q

The ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) is the most ______¬______ nucleus in the ventrolateral group

A

posterior

74
Q

The VPL is just anterior to the ___________.

A

pulvinar

75
Q

The _____________ occupies the posterior end of the thalamus.

A

pulvinar

76
Q

The more ventral of the two nuclei anterior to the pulvinar is called the ________________________ nucleus

A

ventroposterolateral

77
Q

The medial lemniscus carries _______________ ________, ___________, and _____________ information about the trunk and limbs to the VPL

A

discriminative touch, stretch,

pressure

78
Q

The spinothalamic tracts carry vague touch, _______, and _______________ information from the contralateral side of the body to the VPL

A

pain

temperature

79
Q

VPL is an abbreviation for the ______________________ _________ of the __________.

A

ventroposterolateral nucleus

thalamus

80
Q

The _______ relays somesthetic information about the trunk and limbs to the primary somesthetic cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

A

VPL

81
Q

. The ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM) is a smaller nucleus just medial to the _________________________

A

ventroposterolateral nucleus

82
Q

The ventroposteromedial nucleus lies between the __________________________ nucleus and the internal medullary lamina

A

ventroposterolateral

83
Q

The trigeminothalamic tracts bring somesthetic information from the ________ to the ventroposteromedial nucleus.

A

head

84
Q

The ventral (anterior) trigeminothalamic tract brings ________________ _________, __________, _______, and ______________ information from the _______________ side of the head to the VPM

A

discriminative touch, pressure
pain
temperature contralateral (or opposite)

85
Q

The dorsal (posterior) trigeminothalamic tract brings ______________ ________and ___________ information from the _____________ side of the head to the VPM

A

discriminative touch pressure

ipsilateral (or same)

86
Q

Somesthetic sensations from the trunk and limbs are projected to the cortex of the parietal lobe by the _____, and somesthetic sensations from the head are projected to the cortex of the parietal lobe by the ______.

A

VPL

VPM

87
Q

The VPL and VPM send somesthetic sensations to the primary somesthetic cortex on the postcentral gyrus of the ____________ lobe and the secondary somesthetic cortex on the inferior surface of the ____________ lobe where it forms the posterior end of the roof of the lateral fissure

A

parietal

parietal

88
Q

. The primary somesthetic cortex on the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe receives somesthetic sensation from the ______ and _______ of the ____________.

A

VPL

VPM (in either order) thalamus

89
Q

The primary somesthetic cortex is on the ________________ _________ of the ____________ lobe

A

postcentral gyrus parietal

90
Q

The secondary somesthetic cortex on the roof of the lateral fissure receives somesthetic sensation from the ______ and ______.

A

VPL

VPM

91
Q

The secondary somesthetic cortex is on the posterior end of the roof of the __________ ___________.

A

lateral fissure

92
Q

The VPL and VPM receive balance information from the _________-lateral _____________ ___________________ _________ via the medial lemniscus.

A

ipsi-
superior
vestibular nucleus

93
Q

Epicritic information crosses before entering the _________ _______________, balance information does not.

A

medial lemniscus

94
Q

The VPL and VPM receive balance information from the _________-lateral _____________ ___________________ _________ via the medial longitudinal fasciculus.

A

contra-
medial
vestibular nucleus

95
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus projects to the _________________ abducens nucleus and the _________________ VPL via the medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

contralateral

contralateral

96
Q

The posterior half of the insula and adjacent cortex of the parietal lobe receive balance information from the ______ and ______ of the ____________.

A

VPL
VPM
thalamus

97
Q

The sense of balance reaches consciousness in the posterior half of the __________ and the adjacent cortex of the ____________ lobe

A

insula

parietal

98
Q

The small ventroposteroinferior nucleus (VPI) is ____________ to the junction of the VPL and VPM.

A

inferior

99
Q

The ventroposteroinferior nucleus (VPI) receives itch (“pruritis”) information via the ___________ ________________________ __________.

A

lateral

spinothalamic tract

100
Q

The VPI projects the sensation of _______ to the secondary somesthetic cortex on the roof of the lateral fissure.

A

itch

101
Q

The secondary somatosensory cortex receives itch sensation from the _________________________ ___________ of the _____________.

A

ventroposteroinferior
nucleus
thalamus

102
Q

The ____________________ artery usually passes through the lateral geniculate nucleus to supply blood to the ventroposterolateral, ventroposteromedial, and ventroposteroinferior nuclei

A

thalamogeniculate

103
Q

The ventrolateral and ventral anterior nuclei lie between the ______ and the anterior nucleus

A

VPL

104
Q

The ventral anterior nucleus is separated from the anterior nucleus by the lateral arm of the _________ ___________ _________.

A

internal medullary lamina

105
Q

The ventrolateral nucleus is just _____________ to the ventral anterior nucleus

A

posterior

106
Q

The ventrolateral nucleus receives major input from the ________ nuclei of the ________________ and projects to the primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) of the cerebrum.

A

deep (or roof) cerebellum

107
Q

The primary motor cortex receives direct assistance in the coordination of skilled motor tasks from the ________________ nucleus of the ___________.

A

ventrolateral

thalamus

108
Q

Most of the programming in the ventrolateral nucleus depends on projections from the ________ nuclei of the ________________.

A

deep (or roof)

cerebellum

109
Q

Whereas the ventrolateral nucleus projects to the ____________ __________ _________, the ventral anterior nucleus projects to the premotor cortex

A

primary motor cortex

110
Q

Whereas the ventrolateral nucleus is mostly concerned with the __________________ of skilled actions, the ventral anterior nucleus is mostly concerned with the initiation of actions

A

coordination

111
Q

The initiation of actions by the __________ _____________ nucleus of the thalamus is regulated by the basal motor nuclei.

A

ventral anterior

112
Q

The major input to the ventrolateral nucleus is from the ________________, but the major input to the ventral anterior nucleus is from the ________ _________ ___________.

A

cerebellum

basal motor nuclei

113
Q

The most medial of the basal motor nuclei, the globus pallidus, inhibits the _________ _____________ nucleus to prevent unwanted actions

A

ventral anterior

114
Q

Unwanted actions are prevented by the inhibition of the ventral anterior nucleus by the _________ ______________.

A

globus

pallidus

115
Q

The intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus are inside the __________ ___________ _________.

A

internal medullary lamina

116
Q

Medial to the ventroposterolateral nucleus, the ____________ ____________ __________ splits to enclose the most important intralaminar nucleus, the centromedian nucleus.

A

internal medullary lamina

117
Q

The centromedian nucleus is medial to the ______ and superior to the VPM

A

VPL

118
Q

The centromedian nucleus belongs to neither the lateral nor the medial group of thalamic nuclei because it is inside the ____________ ____________ ___________ which divides the two groups

A

internal medullary lamina

119
Q

Since the internal medullary lamina is white matter, it contains myelinated _______ that connect the centromedian nucleus with many areas of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex.

A

axons (fibers)

120
Q

The reciprocal connections of the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus with the ipsilateral ____________ _________ enhance alertness and motor activity

A

cerebral cortex

121
Q

Insufficient activity of the centromedian nucleus causes lapses of _____________ or narcolepsy

A

alertness

122
Q

. Excess activity of the centromedian nucleus produces excess ________ activity, such as nervous tics

A

motor

123
Q

The anterior and middle nuclei of the thalamus, including the centromedian nucleus, usually get their blood supply from the thalamoperforating arteries, which are usually branches of the P1 division of the ______________ ____________ ________.

A

posterior cerebral artery

124
Q

Because the centromedian nuclei depend on them, occlusion of both ______________________ ________ may put the patient into a coma

A

thalamoperforating

arteries

125
Q

The geniculate, ventroposterolateral, ventroposteromedial, and ventroposteroinferior nuclei are supplied by the ______________________ artery; most of the rest of the thalamus is supplied by the _______________________ artery (or arteries).

A

thalamogeniculate

thalamoperforating

126
Q

The thalamoperforating artery is usually a branch of the _____ division of the _____________ ___________ _________.

A

P1

posterior cerebral artery

127
Q

The ____________________ artery supplies the ventrolateral nucleus which receives projections from the ______________ and projects to the ____________ ___________ ____________ (Brodmann area _____).

A

thalamoperforating
cerebellum primary motor cortex
4

128
Q

The VL of the thalamus makes an essential contribution to __________________.

A

coordination

129
Q

The ____________________ artery supplies the ventral anterior nucleus which receives projections from the __________ ______________ and projects to the ______________ __________ (Brodmann area ____ )

A

thalamoperforating
basal nuclei (or globus pallidus) premotor cortex
6

130
Q

The VA of the thalamus is essential for ______________ of _________________.

A

initiation movement

131
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus is essential for _____________ _____________.

A

episodic (or declarative) memory

132
Q

It is widely believed that the dorsomedial (or mediodorsal) nucleus of the thalamus supports _______________ _____________.

A

working memeory

133
Q

The _____________________ artery supplies ____________ _________________ ____________which processes vision and the ___________ _________________ _____________ which processes hearing.

A

thalamogeniculate lateral geniculate

nucleus (or body) medial geniculate nucleus (or body)

134
Q

The____________________ artery supplies the VPL which processes ____________________ in the _____________ and _________________ and the VPM which processes ____________________ in the ____________.

A

thalamogeniculate somesthesia
trunk
extremities somesthesia
face

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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