Chapter 38 Flashcards
1
Q
- The medial globus pallidus is lateral and inferior to the ventral anterior nucleus of the __________ to which it projects.
A
thalamus
2
Q
- The medial globus pallidus is lateral to the anterior end of the ___________.
A
thalamus
3
Q
- Axons from the medial globus pallidus release GABA in the __________ ____________ __________ of the thalamus to inhibit it and prevent the initiation of unwanted motor activity.
A
ventral anterior nucleus
4
Q
- The projections of the ________ _________ ____________ to the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus are essential for the prevention of unwanted motor activity.
A
medial globus pallidus
5
Q
- The projections of the medial globus pallidus to the __________ ____________ _________ of the ___________ must cross or circumvent the white matter of the internal capsule that separates them.
A
ventral anterior nucleus
thalamus
6
Q
- The internal capsule that separates the medial globus pallidus from the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus is __________ matter.
A
white
7
Q
- The projection tract of the medial globus pallidus that crosses the ___________ ___________ to reach the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus is the fasciculus lenticularis.
A
internal capsule
8
Q
- The fasciculus lenticularis contains the axons of neurons in the _________ __________ ___________.
A
medial globus pallidus
9
Q
- The _____________ ______________ crosses the internal capsule to reach the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus.
A
fasciculus lenticularis
10
Q
- The projection tract of the medial globus pallidus that circumvents the ___________ ___________ to reach the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus is the ansa lenticularis.
A
internal capsule
11
Q
- The _______ ______________ goes around behind the internal capsule to reach the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus.
A
ansa lenticularis
12
Q
- The projection tracts of the medial globus pallidus are the _______________ ______________, which goes through the internal capsule, and the _______ ______________, which goes behind the internal capsule.
A
fasciculus lenticularis
ansa lenticularis
13
Q
- The fascicularis lenticularis and the ansa lenticularis join to form the fasciculus thalamicus before they enter the _________ _____________ __________ of the ___________.
A
anterior nucleus thalamus
14
Q
- The projections of the medial globus pallidus meet and form the _____________ ______________ before entering the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus.
A
fasciculus thalamicus
15
Q
- The fasciculus lenticularis and the ansa lenticularis join on the medial side of the internal capsule to form the _____________ ______________.
A
fasciculus thalamicus
16
Q
- The lateral globus pallidus is lateral to the ________ ________ ___________, and the putamen is lateral to the lateral globus pallidus.
A
medial globus pallidus
17
Q
- The axons of many neurons in the putamen pass through the ________ _________ ______________ to reach the medial globus pallidus.
A
lateral globus pallidus
18
Q
- Many GABAergic neurons in the putamen send their axons through the lateral globus pallidus to inhibit neurons in the ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬__________ _________ ___________.
A
medial globus pallidus
19
Q
- Inhibition of the medial globus pallidus by some of the GABAergic neurons in the ____________ prevents excessive inhibition of the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus
A
putamen
20
Q
- The neurons in the ___________ that inhibit the medial globus pallidus are called direct circuit neurons.
A
putamen
21
Q
- The circuit inhibiting the medial globus pallidus so that it will not inhibit the _________ ____________ ________ of the __________, thus allowing the _________ ___________ _________ to stimulate the premotor cortex (Brodmann area 6), is called the direct basal motor circuit.
A
ventral
anterior nucleus thalamus ventral anterior nucleus
22
Q
- Direct circuit neurons in the _____________ release GABA in the medial globus pallidus, thus preventing the medial globus pallidus from inhibiting the _________ _____________ _________ of the ___________.
A
putamen
ventral anterior nucleus
thalamus
23
Q
- When it is not inhibited by the __________ __________ ____________ the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus stimulates the premotor cortex by releasing glutamate at synapses..
A
medial globus pallidus
24
Q
- The net effect of direct basal motor circuit activity is stimulation of the _____________ __________.
A
premotor cortex
25
27. The direct basal motor circuit is active when direct circuit neurons in the ____________ are stimulated by dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
putamen
26
28. Dopaminergic neurons in the _____________ ________ release dopamine at synapses in the putamen.
substantia nigra
27
29. The direct circuit neurons have D1 receptors, which are _______________ dopamine receptors.
stimulatory
28
30. The activity of the direct basal motor circuit is maintained by _________________ neurons in the _____________ ________.
dopaminergic
| substantia nigra
29
31. The direct circuit neurons have stimulatory receptors for both ______________ and glutamate.
dopamine
30
32. The direct circuit neurons are stimulated by dopamine from the ______________ ________ and glutamate from the motor area (Brodmann area 4) and premotor area (Brodmann area 6) of the cerebral cortex.
substantia nigra
31
33. The motor and premotor areas of the cerebral cortex activate the direct basal motor circuit by releasing ____________ on direct circuit neurons in the _____________.
glutamate putamen
32
34. The direct circuit inhibits the _________ _________ _____________ so that it will not inhibit the __________ ____________ __________ of the ___________.
medial globus pallidus
| ventral anterior nucleus thalamus
33
35. Since the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus stimulates the ____________ _________, the direct basal motor circuit allows the ____________ ________ to stimulate itself and initiate an action.
premotor cortex
| premotor cortex
34
36. The medial globus pallidus belongs to both the _________ ________ ________ __________ and the indirect basal motor circuit.
direct basal motor circuit
35
37. The indirect basal motor circuit goes from the putamen to the lateral globus pallidus to the subthalamic nucleus to the _________ _________ ____________ to the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus.
medial globus pallidus
36
38. The subthalamic nucleus is inferior to the _____¬_____ and medial to the medial globus pallidus to which it projects.
thalamus
37
40. The medial globus pallidus receives important projections from the _______________ _________ but not directly from the lateral globus pallidus.
subthalamic nucleus
38
41. The lateral globus pallidus projects to the subthalamic nucleus which projects to the _________ _________ ____________.
medial
| globus pallidus.
39
42. Axons from the subthalamic nucleus release glutamate in the _________ _________ ____________ to stimulate its activity.
medial globus pallidus
40
43. Inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus by the lateral globus pallidus prevents it from overstimulating the _________ __________ ____________.
medial globus pallidus
41
44. Axons from the lateral globus pallidus release GABA in the _______________ ________ to prevent it from overstimulating the medial globus pallidus.
subthalamic nucleus
42
45. Inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus by the _________ _________ ___________ is necessary to prevent almost complete shutdown of the voluntary motor system.
lateral globus pallidus
43
46. Indirect circuit neurons in the putamen inhibit the lateral globus pallidus so that the ______________ _________ can be just active enough to prevent unwanted movement.
subthalamic
| nucleus
44
47. The lateral globus pallidus is attached to the lateral side of the ________ ________ ____________, and the putamen is attached to the lateral side of the lateral globus pallidus to form the lenticular nucleus.
medial globus pallidus
45
48. The medial globus pallidus, lateral globus pallidus, and putamen comprise the _______________ __________.
lenticular
| nucleus
46
49. The direct basal motor circuit stays within the _____________ nucleus, but the indirect basal motor circuit makes a detour through the _______________ nucleus.
lenticular
| subthalamic
47
50. The indirect circuit neurons in the putamen release GABA in the __________ ________ __________ to __________ it.
lateral globus pallidus
| inhibit
48
51. Inhibition of the lateral globus pallidus prevents inhibition of the ______________ _________-
subthalamic nucleus
49
52. An uninhibited subthalamic nucleus _____________ the medial globus pallidus.
stimulates
50
53. Stimulation of the medial globus pallidus causes it to inhibit the _________ ____________ _________.
ventral anterior
| nucleus
51
54. The net effect of indirect basal motor circuit activity is ______________ of the initiation of movement.
inhibition
52
55. To recapitulate: The direct basal motor circuit goes through the putamen, ________ ________ ___________, and the ventral anterior nucleus.
medial globus
| pallidus
53
56. The indirect basal motor circuit ______________ the initiation of movement.
inhibits
54
57. The indirect basal motor circuit goes through the putamen, _________ _________ _____________, _______________ _________, _________ ________ ___________, and the ventral anterior nucleus.
lateral globus pallidus
| subthalamic nucleus, medial globus pallidus
55
58. The direct basal motor circuit ______________ the initiation of movement.
facilitation (or stimulation)
56
59. The projection of the medial globus pallidus to the __________ ____________ __________ is split into the fasciculus lenticularis which runs mediad in the coronal plane and the ansa lenticularis that loops around in the axial plane posterior to the globus pallidus and putamen.
ventral anterior nucleus
57
60. The ____________ ________________ can be seen in a coronal section but the ___________ __________________ cannot be seen.
60. fasciculus lenticularis ansa
| lenticularis
58
61. The fasciculus lenticularis and ansa lenticularis join just above the medial end of the subthalamic nucleus to form the fasciculus thalamicus which runs laterad in the coronal plane before turning mediad to enter the ________ ___________ _________ of the ___________.
ventral anterior nucleus thalamus
59
62. The fasciculus lenticularis crosses the white matter that separates the lenticular nucleus from the ____________.
thalamus
60
63. The white matter separating the _____________ _________ from the thalamus is called the internal capsule of the lenticular nucleus, usually shortened to "internal capsule.".
lenticular nucleus
61
64. The corticospinal tract is called the posterior limb of the internal capsule where it passes between the __________ and the _________________ __________.
thalamus lenticular nucleus
62
65. The activity of the indirect basal motor circuit is reduced when indirect circuit neurons in the ____________ are inhibited by dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
putamen
63
66. The indirect circuit neurons in the putamen have D2 receptors, which are _______________ dopamine receptors.
inhibitory
64
67. The activity of the indirect basal motor circuit is reduced by _________________ neurons in the _____________ ________.
dopaminergic
| substantia nigra
65
68. Since the indirect basal motor circuit __________ movement, the net effect of the release of dopamine on the indirect circuit neurons in the putamen is to _____________ movement.
inhibits
| facilitate
66
69. D1 receptors are _____________, and D2 receptors are inhibitory.
stimulatory
67
70. Because the direct circuit neurons in the putamen have ____ receptors and indirect circuit neurons have _____ receptors, activity of the substantia nigra facilitates movement through both circuits.
D1
| D2
68
71. The net effect of dopamine on the basal motor nuclei is to ____________ movement.
facilitate
69
72. Input to the putamen from the ____________ _______ and the ____________ __________ facilitates motor activity.
substantia nigra premotor cortex
70
73. Neurons with ______________ dopamine receptors are often called D1 neurons, and neurons with ______________ dopamine receptors are often called D2 neurons.
stimulatory
| inhibitor
71
74. Although direct circuit neurons have stimulatory _____________ receptors, they have inhibitory acetylcholine receptors.
dopamine
72
75. Indirect circuit neurons have inhibitory _____________ receptors and stimulatory acetylcholine receptors.
dopamine
73
76. Cholinergic neurons in the putamen ______________ the direct circuit which _____________ movement.
inhibit
| facilitates
74
77. Cholinergic neurons in the putamen ______________ the indirect circuit which ____________ movement.
stimulate
| inhibit
75
78. The net effect of acetylcholine on the basal motor nuclei is to ___________ movement.
inhibit
76
79. The putamen, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus, and also the caudate nucleus are collectively called the ________ _________ nuclei.
basal motor
77
80. Because the medial globus pallidus projects to the _______-lateral ventral anterior nucleus, the lenticular nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus) initiates movement on the _______________ side of the body.
ipsilateral
| contralateral
78
81. The putamen and lateral globus pallidus are fed by one or more lenticulostriate arteries that leave the __________ __________ _________ inside the lateral fissure.
middle cerebral artery
79
82. The lenticular nucleus gets most of its blood supply from the __________________ arteries, but the medial globus pallidus gets its blood supply from the anterior choroidal branch of the internal carotid.
lenticulostriate
80
83. The putamen and lateral globus pallidus get their blood supply from ___________________ branches of the ___________ ____________ __________.
lenticulostriate
| middle cerebral artery
81
84. Occlusion of a ________________ ________ usually produces unilateral difficulty in initiating movement on the contralateral side ("unilateral Parkinsonism").
lenticulostriate
82
85. Occlusion of a __________________ ________ produces unilateral difficulty in initiating movement because the unaffected _________ ________ ____________ continues to inhibit the ventral anterior nucleus.
lenticulostriate artery
| medial globus pallidus
83
86. The subthalamic nucleus, like the anterior half of the thalamus superior to it, gets its blood supply from the __________________ artery.
thalamoperforating
84
87. The subthalamic nucleus and the anterior half of the thalamus get their blood supply from the _____________________ branch of the ___ division of the ______________ ____________ _________.
thalamoperforating P1 posterior cerebral artery
85
88. The caudate nucleus is a circle of ________ matter in the parasagittal plane around the putamen.
gray
86
89. The caudate nucleus has a large head anterior to the putamen, a tapering body superior to the putamen, and a small tail ____________ and ____________ to the putamen.
posterior
| inferior
87
90. There is a break in the circle of the caudate nucleus where the anterior end of the _______ fails to touch the inferior end of the _________.
tail
| head
88
92. The putamen and caudate nucleus are connected by many small stria of gray matter to form the striatum, a functional unit that regulates the ______________ of simple and complex _____________.
initiation movements
89
93. The gray striae (stripes) that connect them give the putamen and caudate the collective name of the __________.
striatum
90
94. The principal role of the striatum is the ______________ of movement.
facilitation (or initiation)
91
95. The head of the left caudate nucleus _____________ activity in the ___________ that create the sounds of speech.
facilitates muscles
92
96. Infarction of the head of the _______ caudate nucleus causes poor pronunciation and erratic speech volume.
left
93
97. The head of the caudate nucleus gets its blood supply from the recurrent artery of Heubner (a.k.a. medial striate artery) which is branch of the A2 division of the ___________ ____________ __________.
anterior cerebral artery
94
98. The head of the caudate nucleus, which is part of the striatum, gets its blood supply from the ________ __________ _________ which is a branch of the ____________ ____________ ________.
medial striate artery anterior cerebral artery
95
99. A stroke in the left recurrent artery or the anterior cerebral artery will severely affect _____________ and __________ of ___________.
pronunciation volume speech
96
100. The ________ of the _______ ___________ nucleus initiates production of the sounds of speech, but the head of the right caudate nucleus initiates actions that are conditional on a signal.
head left caudate
97
101. Stopping or starting an action on an anticipated command is assisted by the ________ of the ________ __________ __________.
head
| right caudate nucleus
98
102. The direct basal motor circuit in the caudate nucleus, like the direct basal motor circuit in the putamen is activated by _________________ neurons in the substantia nigra and ________¬¬¬-___________ neurons in the cerebral cortex.
dopaminergic glutaminergic
99
103. The direct basal motor circuit in the head of the caudate nucleus is activated by _________________ neurons in the ipsilateral executive area (Brodmann's area 9) of the prefrontal cerebral cortex.
glutaminergic
100
104. Activation of the direct basal motor circuit neurons in the putamen depends more on the __________ and ____________ areas of the _____________ _________ than on the executive area.
motor
| premotor cerebral cortex
101
105. Activation of the direct basal motor circuit neurons in the head of the caudate nucleus depends more on the _____________ area of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex than on the motor and premotor areas.
executive ipsilateral
102
106. The putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus are collectively the _______ ________ nuclei.
basal motor
103
107. The term "basal nuclei" is usually just short for ________ _________ __________ but it is sometimes intended to include the amygdala, which is functionally a part of the ___________ system.
basal motor nuclei
| limbic
104
108. From medial to lateral, the 3 parts of the lenticular nucleus are: __________ _____________ ____________, ___________ __________ ______________, and _______________.
medial
| globus pallidus, lateral globus pallidus, and putamen
105
109. The lenticular nucleus is separated from the caudate nucleus and the thalamus by the ______________ ______________.
internal capsule
106
110. A few neurons in the putamen release _________________ which has the opposite effect of dopamine on other neurons in the putamen.
acetylcholine
107
111. Except for the cholinergic neurons in the putamen, all neurons in the lenticular nucleus release ___________ at synapses and ___________ their target neurons.
GABA inhibit
108
112. Neurons in the subthalamic nucleus and the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus release ______________ at synapses to ______________ their target neurons.
glutamate stimulate
109
113. The medial globus pallidus ______________ the ___________ _____________ nucleus of the _____________ which stimulates the premotor cortex,
inhibits ventral anterior
| thalamus
110
114. The medial globus pallidus inhibits the ___________ ______________ nucleus of the ____________ only if it is stimulated by the ________________ ____________.
ventral anterior
| thalamus subthalamic nucleus
111
115. The _______________ ___________ stimulates the medial globus pallidus unless it is inhibited by the lateral globus pallidus.
subthalamic nucleus
112
116. The lateral globus pallidus inhibits the _______________ __________ unless it is inhibited by ____ neurons in the putamen.
D2
| subthalamic nucleus
113
117. _______ neurons in the putamen inhibit the lateral globus pallidus unless they are inhibited by dopamine released by axon endings of neurons in the ________________ ____________.
D2
114
118. The ________ of the _________ ____________ __________facilitates the production of speech.
head
| left caudate nucleus
