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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 23 The Vestibular Nuclei > Flashcards

Chapter 23 The Vestibular Nuclei Flashcards

1
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve has a ____________ division concerned with hearing and a _________________ division concerned with balance.

A

cochlear

vestibular

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2
Q

The _____________ and _________ divisions of the vestibulocochlear nerve join inside the petrous part of the temporal bone and emerge from the temporal bone into the posterior cranial fossa through the internal acoustic meatus.

A

vestibular

cochlear

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3
Q

Immediately after leaving the temporal bone through the ___________ _________ _________ the vestibulocochlear nerve passes through the dura and distributes its fibers to the ________________ and _________ nuclei.

A

internal acoustic meatus
vestibular
cochlear

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4
Q

The vestibular division of the ______________________ ________is composed of the axons of neurons in the ________________ ganglion.

A

vestibularchochlear nerve

vestibular

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5
Q

Four vestibular nuclei and the nodulus of the cerebellum receive projections from the _________________ ganglion.

A

vestibular

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6
Q

The ____________ ___________ ___________ in the vestibular ganglion receive impulses from the hair cells of the 3 semicircular canals and the saccule and the utricle.

A

primary sensory neurons

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7
Q

The axons of neurons in the vestibular ganglion synapse on neurons in the nodulus of the _______________ and in the _______________ __________.

A

cerebellum

vestibular nuclei

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8
Q

There are ___ vestibular nuclei in the dorsolateral quadrant of each side of the brainstem.

A

4

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9
Q

The 4 vestibular nuclei form a kite shaped group that straddles the

A

ponto-medullary boundary

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10
Q

The lateral and superior vestibular nuclei are mostly in the _______, and the medial and inferior vestibular ganglia are mostly in the _____________.

A

pons

medulla

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11
Q

The superior vestibular nucleus is in the ___

A

pons

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12
Q

The lateral vestibular nucleus is in the pons lateral to the ____________ ________________ _________.

A

superior vestibular nucleus

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13
Q

The lateral vestibular nucleus is ___________ to the superior vestibular nucleus in the ________.

A

lateral

pons

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14
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus is ___________ to the _______________ ___________________ __________ in the ______________.

A

medial
inferior vestibular nucleus
medulla

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15
Q

The pons is _____________ to the medulla in humans.

A

superior

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16
Q

Since the right and left _________ _______________ _________ are much closer to each other than the right and left inferior vestibular nuclei are, there is much more communication between the _________ ______________ _________ than between the right and left inferior vestibular nuclei.

A

medial vestibular nuclei

    medial vestibular nuclei
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17
Q

Since the right and left _____________ ______________ _________ are somewhat closer together than the right and left lateral vestibular nuclei are, there is much more communication between the _________ ______________ _________ than between the right and left lateral vestibular nuclei

A

superior vestibular nuclei

    superior vestibular nuclei
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18
Q

There is much communication between the right and left _________ ________________ __________ and between the right and left ______________ _______________ __________, but little communication between the right and left ____________ _______________ ________ and the right and left __________ ________________ _________.

A

medial vestibular nuclei
superior vestibular nuclei

inferior vestibular nuclei
lateral vestibular nuclei

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19
Q

The inferior and medial vestibular nuclei are in the upper ____________ medial to the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

A

medulla

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20
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus forms most of the medial border of the _____________ _________________ ______________.

A

inferior vestibular nucleus

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21
Q

The inferior vestibular nucleus forms the lateral border of the ___________ ___________________ __________ and the _______________ ___________.

A

medial vestibular nucleus

nucleus solitarius

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22
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus forms the dorsal border of the ______________ _________ and the _____________ _______________ __________.

A

nucleus solitarius

inferior salivatory nucleus

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23
Q

The lateral and dorsal borders of the nucleus solitarius are formed by the ____________ and ________ _____________ _________.

A

inferior

medial vestibular nuclei

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24
Q

The nucleus solitarius receives projections from the __________ and __________ _______________ __________, which form its lateral and dorsal borders.

A

medial

inferior vestibular nuclei

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25
Q

The medullary part of the nucleus solitarius receives inputs from the ________ and ___________ _______________ ________ about changes in posture detected by the vestibular organs.

A

medial inferior

vestibular nuclei

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26
Q

Projections of the nucleus solitarius to the __________ _______________ allow the _________ ______________ to increase or decrease cardiac output to maintain consciousness during postural changes.

A

nucleus ambiguus

nucleus ambiguus

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27
Q

The nucleus solitarius integrates blood pressure information from the ____________ ______________________ __________ with postural information from the __________ and _____________ _______________ _________ to regulate cardiac output.

A

superior glossopharyngeal ganglion
medial
inferior vestibular nuclei

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28
Q

Projections from the nucleus solitarius regulate the output of the __________ ______________ to the cardiac ganglion in the sinus node of the heart.

A

nucleus ambiguus

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29
Q

The regulation of blood pressure during changes in posture depend on projections from the ________ and _________ ______________ nuclei to the nucleus _______________ and from the nucleus _______________ to the nucleus _____________.

A 
medial 
inferior vestibular 			
solitarius
solitarius					
ambiguus
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30
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus also receives from neurons in the ______________ __________ that innervate the lateral (or horizontal) semicircular canal.

A

vestibular ganglion

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31
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus receives information about rotation in the ______________ plane.

A

horizontal

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32
Q

Because the semicircular canals are nearly circular, they respond to _____________ but not to linear movement.

A

rotational

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33
Q

When the head turns, the eyes _______ in the opposite direction because the ________ _______________ nucleus relays information about horizontal rotation to the abducens nucleus which controls lateral eye movement.

A

turn

medial vestibular

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34
Q

Turning of the eyes in response to ____________ of the ________ is called nystagmus.

A

rotation (or turning) head

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35
Q

Horizontal nystagmus depends on responses of the hair cells of the _____________ ________________ _______, neurons in the vestibular ganglion, ________ _______________ ________, and abducens nucleus, in that order

A

horizontal semicircular canal

medial vestibular nucleus

36
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus mediates horizontal _______________.

A

nystagmus

37
Q

The eyes return quickly after they have ____________ as far as they can in nystagmus.

A

turned

38
Q

The return phase is called the beat of ________________.

A

nystagmus

39
Q

When the head turns to the left, the eyes turn to the _________ as far as they can and then beat back to the ________.

A

right

left

40
Q

A pirouette to the right causes _____________ that beats to the _________.

A

nystagmus right

41
Q

Projections of the medial vestibular nucleus to the abducens nucleus mediate ______________ _______________.

A

horizontal

nystagmus

42
Q

Vertical ________________ occurs when the head turns up or down in the sagittal plane.

A

nystagmus

43
Q

Hair cells in the anterior and posterior semicircular canals respond to ___________ of the head in any vertical plane because the anterior and posterior semicircular canals are in ____________planes 90o apart.

A

turning

vertical

44
Q

Neurons in the ________________ ganglion send most of the information from the anterior and posterior semicircular canals to the superior vestibular nucleus in the ________.

A

vestibular

pons

45
Q

Vertical nystagmus is due to the response of the ____________ _______________ _________ to information from the ____________ and _____________ _________________canals.

A

superior vestibular nucleus
anterior
posterior

46
Q

Vertical nystagmus requires projections from the ____________ _______________ __________ to the oculomotor nucleus which contains the lower motor neurons for the muscles that control vertical movements of the eyes.

A

superior vestibular nucleus

47
Q

The projections of the ____________ _______________ __________ to the oculomotor nucleus travel in the ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus.

A

superior vestibular nucleus

48
Q

The projections of the ____________ _______________ __________ to the oculomotor nucleus travel in the ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus.

A

superior vestibular nucleus

49
Q

The oculomotor nucleus receives inputs from the superior vestibular nucleus through the ____________ ________ _____________ _______________.

A

ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus

50
Q

The superior vestibular nucleus projects to the ipsilateral _________________ nucleus and the ipsilateral thalamus.

A

oculomotor

51
Q

The superior vestibular nucleus communicates with the ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus via the __________ ______________ _________________ and with the ipsilateral thalamus via the medial lemniscus.

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus

52
Q

The ___________ _______________ __________ is a major source of inputs to the oculomotor nucleus.

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus

53
Q

Vertical nystagmus depends on projections of the _____________ __________________ nucleus in the pons to the oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain.

A

superior vestibular

54
Q

Horizontal nystagmus depends on projections of the __________ _______________ nucleus to the abducens nucleus in the pons

A

medial vestibular

55
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus mediates _____________ ___________, and the superior vestibular nucleus mediates ___________ _____________ in response to movements of the head.

A

horizontal nystagmus

vertical nystagmus

56
Q

Nystagmus beats in the __________ direction as the turn of the head.

A

same

57
Q

The superior vestibular nucleus projects to the ______________ thalamus, but the medial vestibular nucleus projects to the contralateral thalamus.

A

ipsilateral

58
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus projects to the contralateral ____________ via the medial longitudinal fasciculus.

A

thalamus

59
Q

The thalamus receives projections from the _______________ medial vestibular nucleus via the medial longitudinal fasciculus.

A

contralateral

60
Q

The thalamus receives projections from the _______________ superior vestibular nucleus via the __________ ______________ and projections from the ______________ medial vestibular nucleus via the _________ _______________ _________________.

A

ipsilateral medial lemniscus

contralateral medial longitudinal fasciculus

61
Q

All vestibular nuclei project to the nodulus of the _______________.

A

cerebellum

62
Q

The medial and inferior vestibular nuclei adjust blood pressure for postural changes through their projections to the ___________ ________________.

A

nucleus solitarius

63
Q

The medial vestibulospinal tracts are mostly axons of neurons in the _________ ________________ _________.

A

medial vestibular nuclei

64
Q

Each medial vestibular nucleus contributes axons to both the _________ and the ___________ ___________________ _________.

A

medial
lateral
vestibulospinal tract

65
Q

The medial vestibulospinal tracts run down through the right and left sides of the ____________ funiculus of the __________ _________ posterior to the _________________ ________.

A

anterior
spinal cord
anterior corticospinal tracts

66
Q

The medial vestibulospinal tracts run down through the right and left sides of the ____________ funiculus of the __________ _________ posterior to the _________________ ________.

A

anterior
spinal cord
anterior corticospinal tracts

67
Q

The medial vestibulospinal tracts are confined to the ____________ levels of the __________ _______.

A

cervical

spinal cord

68
Q

The axons in each medial vestibulospinal tract synapse on internuncial neurons that synapse on lower motor neurons for _______ _____________.

A

neck muscles

69
Q

Axons in the tectospinal tract also synapse on internuncial neurons that synapse on lower motor neurons for _______ ____________.

A

neck muscles

70
Q

The _______________ tract is responsible for tracking movements of the head, but the ____________________________ tract is responsible for balancing movements of the head.

A

tectospinal

medial vestibulospinal

71
Q

Each medial vestibular nucleus receives information from all ____ semicircular canals and from the saccule and utricle.

A

3

72
Q

Each medial vestibular nucleus generates reflexes that stabilize the ________ via ________ medial vestibulospinal tracts.

A

head

both

73
Q

The tectospinal tracts are responsible for reflexive _____________ movements of the head, and the medial vestibulospinal tracts are responsible for _______________ movements of the head.

A

tracking

balancing

74
Q

Each lateral vestibular nucleus contributes axons to the _______________ lateral vestibulospinal tract.

A

ipsilateral

75
Q

The lateral vestibulospinal tract is the most anterior tract in the _____________ funiculus of the _________ __________.

A

anterior

spinal cord

76
Q

Axons in the lateral vestibulospinal tract synapse on _______________ neurons that synapse on lower motor neurons for ______________ muscles in the _______________ horn of the spinal cord.

A

internuncial
extensor
anterior

77
Q

The righting reflex mediated by the ___________ _______________ __________ tries to keep the sagittal plane of the body aligned with the force of gravity.

A

lateral vestibulospinal tract

78
Q

The ____________ reflex depends on input from the macula of the saccule to the lateral vestibular nucleus and on input from the lateral vestibular nucleus to the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

A

righting

79
Q

The principal input to the lateral vestibular nucleus is from neurons in the _________________ ____________that innervate the ___________ of the _____________.

A

vestibular ganglion

macula of the saccule

80
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus projects to internuncial neurons in the anterior horns of the ___________ spinal cord through _________ medial vestibulospinal _________.

A

cervical
both
tracts

81
Q

The _________ ______________ __________ projects to the contralateral thalamus via the contralateral __________ _____________ ______________.

A

medial vestibular nucleus

medial longitudinal fasciculus

82
Q

The ___________ ______________ __________ projects to the ipsilateral thalamus via the ipsilateral __________ ______________.

A

superior vestibular nucleus

medial lemniscus

83
Q

The inferior vestibular nucleus is entirely in the ___________.

A

medulla

84
Q

The medial vestibular nucleus is mostly in the ___________.

A

medulla

85
Q

. The lateral vestibular nucleus is mostly in the _______.

A

pons

86
Q

The superior vestibular nucleus is entirely in the ______.

A

pons

87
Q

Projections of the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei to the ___________ __________________ mediate the response of __________ _____________ to postural changes.

A

nucleus solitarius

blood pressure

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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