Chapter 31 Cytoarchitecure of the Cerebellum

Question 1

The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by the _________________ peduncles.

Answer 1

cerebellar

Question 2

The cerebellum is connected to the pons by the __________ _____________ _____________.

Answer 2

middle cerebellar peduncles

Question 3

The cerebellum is connected to the medulla by the _____________ _____________ __________.

Answer 3

inferior cerebellar peduncles

Question 4

The cerebellum is connected to the midbrain by the _____________ _____________ __________.

Answer 4

superior cerebellar peduncles

Question 5

The fibers in the middle cerebellar peduncle are axons of neurons in the __________ _________.

Answer 5

pontine nuclei

Question 6

The fibers from all 3 cerebellar peduncles are distributed to the overlying cerebellar cortex in a tree of white matter called the

Answer 6

arbor vitae

Question 7

The arbor vitae is deep to the _____________ _________.

Answer 7

cerebellar cortex

Question 8

The pontine nuclei are in the ________ of the ________.

Answer 8

base

pons

Question 9

The neurons in the pontine nuclei receive input from neurons in the ipsilateral ___________ ________.

Answer 9

cerebral cortex

Question 10

The pontine nuclei (in pons) project to the cerebellar cortex through the contralateral __________ _____________ _____________.

Answer 10

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 11

Deep to the cortex of the cerebellum, the pontocerebellar fibers are part of the _________ ________.

Answer 11

arbor vitae

Question 12

The axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei pass through the __________ _________ to synapse on granule cells in the deep layer of the cerebellar cortex.

Answer 12

arbor vitae

Question 13

The axon of each neuron in the pontine nuclei synapses on several ___________ _________.

Answer 13

granule cells

Question 14

Most of the neurons in the _________ layer of the cerebellar ___________ are granule cells

Answer 14

deep (or inner)

cortex

Question 15

The deep layer of the cerebellar cortex is usually called the ______________ cell layer

Answer 15

granule

Question 16

An axon that synapses on ____ ____is called a “mossy fiber” because it has many short branches like a tuft of moss.

Answer 16

granule cells

Question 17

Each granule cell sends an axon into the ___ ____ of the cerebellar cortex where it branches into 2 horizontal fibers (or parallel fibers)

Answer 17

superficial layer

Question 18

Horizontal fibers are branches of axons of ______________ ________ that run parallel to the surface of the cerebellum in the molecular layer, which is the superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex

Answer 18

granule cells

Question 19

The horizontal fibers synapse on the dendrites of Purkinje cells in the __________ ______ of the ________________ _________.

Answer 19

molecular layer

cerebellar cortex

Question 20

Each horizontal fiber synapses on the _____________ of several Purkinje cells in the molecular layer

Answer 20

dendrites

Question 21

Although their branching dendrites are in the ________________ layer, the huge perikarya of the Purkinje cells are in the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex, which is usually called the Purkinje cell layer.

Answer 21

molecular

Question 22

The pattern of ____________ ________ in the deep layer, ______________ ________in the middle layer, and __________ of _____________ _______ in the superficial layer is repeated throughout the cortex of the cerebellum.

Answer 22

granule cells
Purkinje cells
dendrites
Purkinje cells

Question 23

Granule cells get input from _________ _____ and project to Purkinje cells through ______________ fibers.

Answer 23

mossy fibers

horizontal

Question 24

The arbor vitae contains axons of neurons in the ____________ ____________ that are distributed to the cerebellar cortex and axons of Purkinje cells leaving the cerebellar cortex

Answer 24

pontine nuclei

Question 25

The cerebellar cortex is folded around the twigs of the ___________ _________ to form folia (literally, leaves).

Answer 25

arbor vitae

Question 26

The restiform body is made up of axons in the _____________ _______________ _______, the ___________________ _________, and the ___________________ _________.

Answer 26

posterior spinocerebellar tract | cuneocerebellar tract olivocerebellar tract

Question 27

All axons in the restiform body project to the cortex of the ______________.

Answer 27

cerebellum

Question 28

Each of the axons from the posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract synapse on several granule cells in the ________ layer of the _________ of the ____________.

Answer 28

deep (or granular) cortex cerebellum

Question 29

Thus, axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts end as ________ fibers on ___________ cells.

Answer 29

mossy | granule

Question 30

The axons of neurons in the inferior olivary nuclei also enter the cerebellum as part of the _____________ _______.

Answer 30

restiform body

Question 31

The axon of an inferior olivary nucleus neuron has a few branches each of which climbs up the dendrites of a single Purkinje cell in the _________ layer of the _________ of the ______________.

Answer 31

molecular cortex cerebellum

Question 32

The branches of the axons of inferior olivary nucleus neurons are called climbing fibers because they ________ up the dendrites of Purkinje cells.

Answer 32

climb

Question 33

A climbing fiber synapses on the dendrites of __ __________ Purkinje cell, but a horizontal fiber synapses on the dendrites of ________ Purkinje cells

Answer 33

a few | many

Question 34

Climbing fibers come only from the _______-lateral ___________ __________ _________.

Answer 34

contralateral | inferior olivary nucleus

Question 35

Mossy fibers come from contralateral __________ _________ or the ipsilateral ____________ ___________________ and ________________ tracts

Answer 35

pontine nuclei | posterior spinocerebellar cuneocerebellar

Question 36

The pontine nuclei project to the cerebellum through the _________ ______________ ___________.

Answer 36

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 37

The posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum as part of the ____________ _____________ __________.

Answer 37

inferior cerebellar peduncle (or restiform body)

Question 38

Most axons from pontine nuclei synapse in the lateral part of the ________-lateral cerebellar cortex

Answer 38

contra

Question 39

Most axons in the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts synapse in the central part of the _______-lateral cerebellar cortex

Answer 39

ipsi

Question 40

All information reaching the cerebellar cortex eventually reaches _____________ cells whose axons project to the deep cerebellar nuclei

Answer 40

Purkinje cells

Question 41

The deep cerebellar nuclei are often called the roof nuclei because most are in the ________ of the 4th ventricle.

Answer 41

roof

Question 42

Since "juxta" is Latin for beside, the juxtarestiform body is beside the _______________ _______.

Answer 42

restiform body

Question 43

The restiform body is the lateral 4/5 of the _____________ _____________ ____________.

Answer 43

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 44

The _________ ____ of the inferior cerebellar peduncle is the juxtarestiform body in which fibers project to and from the cortex of the cerebellun

Answer 44

medial 1/5

Question 45

All axons in the restiform body project to the cortex of the ______________, but some axons in the juxtarestiform body project _________ the cortex of the cerebellum _______ vestibular nuclei

Answer 45

cerebellum | from to

Question 46

The cerebellar connections of the vestibular nuclei with the cerebellum make up the medial 1/5 of the inferior cerebellar peduncle which is called the ___________________ _______.

Answer 46

juxtarestiform body

Question 47

The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the ________________ on the medial side of the middle cerebellar peduncle

Answer 47

cerebellum

Question 48

The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the cerebellum ___________ to the middle cerebellar peduncle and lateral to the 4th ventricle

Answer 48

medial

Question 49

The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the cerebellum between the ___________ _______________ ____________ and the ______ ______________.

Answer 49

middle cerebellar peduncle 4th ventricle

Question 50

The 4th ventricle is ___________ to the juxtarestiform body, the juxtarestiform body is __________ to the restiform body, and the restiform body is __________ to the middle cerebellar peduncle

Answer 50

medial medial | medial

Question 51

Axons from the vestibular nuclei are mossy fibers that synapse on ______________ _______ in the cerebellar cortex

Answer 51

granule cells

Question 52

A few axons from the vestibular ganglion accompany the axons from the vestibular nuclei entering the cerebellum in the _________________ _______.

Answer 52

juxtarestiform body

Question 53

Granule cells project to ____________ ______ via _______________ fibers.

Answer 53

Purkinje cells horizontal

Question 54

Granule cells receiving vestibular projections synapse on ____________ _______ that project to the fastigial nuclei in the center of the roof of the 4th ventricle.

Answer 54

Purkinje cells

Question 55

Granule cells in the cerebellar cortex receive projections from the _____________ _________ and the ______________ ___________ through the juxtarestiform body.

Answer 55

``` vestibular nuclei vestibular ganglion (in either order) ```

Question 56

The granule cells receiving vestibular input through the ________________ _______ are in the cortex of the flocculonodular lobe which formed from the caudal edge of the roof of the metencephalon

Answer 56

juxtarestiform body

Question 57

The flocculonodular lobe formed from the __________ edge of the roof of the metencephalon

Answer 57

posterior

Question 58

The granule cells receiving vestibular input project to Purkinje cells in the cortex of the ____________________ lobe

Answer 58

flocculonodular

Question 59

Because it receives vestibular input, the _________________ _______ is concerned with balance

Answer 59

flocculonodular lobe

Question 60

The __________________ _______ is often called the vestibulocerebellum

Answer 60

flocculonodular lobe

Question 61

Because they receive projections of Purkinje cells in the __________________ ______, the fastigial nuclei are primarily concerned with

Answer 61

flocculonodular lobe | balance

Question 62

As the roof of the metencephalon grew, the caudal (or inferior) edge which became the flocculonodular lobe was tucked under the rest of the cerebellum so that the ________________ lobe is positioned superior to the posterior lobe in the middle of the anterior surface of the cerebellum

Answer 62

flocculonodular

Question 63

The nodulus is in the center of the _____________ lobe, and the paired flocculi extend laterad from it

Answer 63

flocculonodular

Question 64

The entire cortex of the cerebellum is folded into leaflets called folia (singular:folium) which ____________ its surface area

Answer 64

increase

Question 65

The grooves between the _________ of the cerebellar cortex are called sulci (singular; sulcus

Answer 65

folia

Question 66

The ____________ ________ in the flocculus and nodulus project to the fastigial nuclei in the center of the ________ of the 4th ventricle

Answer 66

Purkinje cells | roof

Question 67

The Purkinje cells in each flocculus project only to the ipsilateral ______________ __________, but each fastigial nucleus projects bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei.

Answer 67

fastigial nucleus

Question 68

The Purkinje cells on each side of the nodulus project to only the ipsilateral ______________ __________, but each fastigial nucleus projects bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei

Answer 68

fastigial nucleus

Question 69

The vestibular nuclei receive direct projections from both ____________ ________ and from Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral flocculus.

Answer 69

fastigial nuclei

Question 70

The vestibular nuclei receive direct projections from both _____________ ________ and from Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral side of the nodulus.

Answer 70

fastigial nuclei

Question 71

The fastigial nuclei project ___________ to the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation of the pons and medulla.

Answer 71

bilaterally

Question 72

The pontine and medullary reticular formations receive projections from both ___________ _______ but not from Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular cortex

Answer 72

fastigial nuclei

Question 73

The Purkinje cells that project to the vestibular nuclei are the only Purkinje cells whose axons do not synapse in ________ ____________ _________.

Answer 73

deep cerebellar nuclei (or cerebellar roof nuclei)

Question 74

The fastigial nuclei and some ___________ ________ in the flocculi and nodulus project to the vestibular nuclei through the juxtarestiform body

Answer 74

Purkinje cells

Question 75

The juxtarestiform body contains fibers that carry messages _____ and ________ the cerebellum, but the restiform body contains only fibers that carry messages ______ the cerebellum

Answer 75

to | from

Question 76

The juxtarestiform body is _________ to the restiform body in the __________ ____________ __________.

Answer 76

medial inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 77

Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract enter the arbor vitae as part of the ________-lateral _________________ ________ .

Answer 77

ipsilateral restiform body

Question 78

The __________ __________ is composed of all axons to and from the cerebellar cortex

Answer 78

arbor vitae

Question 79

Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellar cortex as _____________ fibers that synapse on _______________ cells

Answer 79

mossy granule

Question 80

Axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei end in the _________-lateral cerebellar cortex as __________ fibers that synapse on _______________ cells

Answer 80

contralateral mossy | granule

Question 81

Each granule cell projects to the dendrites of many _____________ cells through _______________ fibers.

Answer 81

Purkinje horizontal (or parallel

Question 82

Axons of neurons in the inferior and accessory olivary nuclei enter the _________-lateral arbor vitae and split into ______________ fibers

Answer 82

contralateral | climbing

Question 83

Each climbing fiber makes __________ synapses with the ______________ of _______ ______________ ________.

Answer 83

many dendrites one | Purkinje cell

Question 84

Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular lobes project to the ________________ nuclei and the __________________ nuclei

Answer 84

fastigial | vestibular (in either order)

Question 85

Fastigial nuclei project __________-laterally to the ________________ ____________ and the _______________ _______________ of the brainstem through the _____________________ ________.

Answer 85

bilaterally vestibular nuclei | reticular formation juxtarestiform body

Question 86

Except for those in the flocculonodular lobe, Purkinje cells project only to __________ __________________ nuclei

Answer 86

deep | cerebellar

Question 87

Except for the fastigial nucleus, all deep cerebellar nuclei project to the _________ _____________ and the thalamus through the _______________ ______________ _______________.

Answer 87

red nucleus | thalamus superior cerebellar peduncle