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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 31 Cytoarchitecure of the Cerebellum > Flashcards

Chapter 31 Cytoarchitecure of the Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by the _________________ peduncles.

A

cerebellar

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2
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the pons by the __________ _____________ _____________.

A

middle cerebellar peduncles

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3
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the medulla by the _____________ _____________ __________.

A

inferior cerebellar peduncles

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4
Q

The cerebellum is connected to the midbrain by the _____________ _____________ __________.

A

superior cerebellar peduncles

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5
Q

The fibers in the middle cerebellar peduncle are axons of neurons in the __________ _________.

A

pontine nuclei

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6
Q

The fibers from all 3 cerebellar peduncles are distributed to the overlying cerebellar cortex in a tree of white matter called the

A

arbor vitae

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7
Q

The arbor vitae is deep to the _____________ _________.

A

cerebellar cortex

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8
Q

The pontine nuclei are in the ________ of the ________.

A

base

pons

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9
Q

The neurons in the pontine nuclei receive input from neurons in the ipsilateral ___________ ________.

A

cerebral cortex

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10
Q

The pontine nuclei (in pons) project to the cerebellar cortex through the contralateral __________ _____________ _____________.

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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11
Q

Deep to the cortex of the cerebellum, the pontocerebellar fibers are part of the _________ ________.

A

arbor vitae

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12
Q

The axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei pass through the __________ _________ to synapse on granule cells in the deep layer of the cerebellar cortex.

A

arbor vitae

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13
Q

The axon of each neuron in the pontine nuclei synapses on several ___________ _________.

A

granule cells

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14
Q

Most of the neurons in the _________ layer of the cerebellar ___________ are granule cells

A

deep (or inner)

cortex

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15
Q

The deep layer of the cerebellar cortex is usually called the ______________ cell layer

A

granule

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16
Q

An axon that synapses on ____ ____is called a “mossy fiber” because it has many short branches like a tuft of moss.

A

granule cells

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17
Q

Each granule cell sends an axon into the ___ ____ of the cerebellar cortex where it branches into 2 horizontal fibers (or parallel fibers)

A

superficial layer

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18
Q

Horizontal fibers are branches of axons of ______________ ________ that run parallel to the surface of the cerebellum in the molecular layer, which is the superficial layer of the cerebellar cortex

A

granule cells

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19
Q

The horizontal fibers synapse on the dendrites of Purkinje cells in the __________ ______ of the ________________ _________.

A

molecular layer

cerebellar cortex

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20
Q

Each horizontal fiber synapses on the _____________ of several Purkinje cells in the molecular layer

A

dendrites

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21
Q

Although their branching dendrites are in the ________________ layer, the huge perikarya of the Purkinje cells are in the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex, which is usually called the Purkinje cell layer.

A

molecular

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22
Q

The pattern of ____________ ________ in the deep layer, ______________ ________in the middle layer, and __________ of _____________ _______ in the superficial layer is repeated throughout the cortex of the cerebellum.

A

granule cells
Purkinje cells
dendrites
Purkinje cells

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23
Q

Granule cells get input from _________ _____ and project to Purkinje cells through ______________ fibers.

A

mossy fibers

horizontal

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24
Q

The arbor vitae contains axons of neurons in the ____________ ____________ that are distributed to the cerebellar cortex and axons of Purkinje cells leaving the cerebellar cortex

A

pontine nuclei

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25
Q

The cerebellar cortex is folded around the twigs of the ___________ _________ to form folia (literally, leaves).

A

arbor vitae

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26
Q

The restiform body is made up of axons in the _____________ _______________ _______, the ___________________ _________, and the ___________________ _________.

A

posterior spinocerebellar tract

cuneocerebellar tract olivocerebellar tract

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27
Q

All axons in the restiform body project to the cortex of the ______________.

A

cerebellum

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28
Q

Each of the axons from the posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract synapse on several granule cells in the ________ layer of the _________ of the ____________.

A

deep (or granular) cortex cerebellum

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29
Q

Thus, axons in the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts end as ________ fibers on ___________ cells.

A

mossy

granule

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30
Q

The axons of neurons in the inferior olivary nuclei also enter the cerebellum as part of the _____________ _______.

A

restiform body

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31
Q

The axon of an inferior olivary nucleus neuron has a few branches each of which climbs up the dendrites of a single Purkinje cell in the _________ layer of the _________ of the ______________.

A

molecular
cortex
cerebellum

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32
Q

The branches of the axons of inferior olivary nucleus neurons are called climbing fibers because they ________ up the dendrites of Purkinje cells.

A

climb

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33
Q

A climbing fiber synapses on the dendrites of __ __________ Purkinje cell, but a horizontal fiber synapses on the dendrites of ________ Purkinje cells

A

a few

many

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34
Q

Climbing fibers come only from the _______-lateral ___________ __________ _________.

A

contralateral

inferior olivary nucleus

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35
Q

Mossy fibers come from contralateral __________ _________ or the ipsilateral ____________ ___________________ and ________________ tracts

A

pontine nuclei

posterior spinocerebellar cuneocerebellar

36
Q

The pontine nuclei project to the cerebellum through the _________ ______________ ___________.

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

37
Q

The posterior spinocerebellar tract and the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum as part of the ____________ _____________ __________.

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle (or restiform body)

38
Q

Most axons from pontine nuclei synapse in the lateral part of the ________-lateral cerebellar cortex

A

contra

39
Q

Most axons in the spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts synapse in the central part of the _______-lateral cerebellar cortex

A

ipsi

40
Q

All information reaching the cerebellar cortex eventually reaches _____________ cells whose axons project to the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Purkinje cells

41
Q

The deep cerebellar nuclei are often called the roof nuclei because most are in the ________ of the 4th ventricle.

A

roof

42
Q

Since “juxta” is Latin for beside, the juxtarestiform body is beside the _______________ _______.

A

restiform body

43
Q

The restiform body is the lateral 4/5 of the _____________ _____________ ____________.

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

44
Q

The _________ ____ of the inferior cerebellar peduncle is the juxtarestiform body in which fibers project to and from the cortex of the cerebellun

A

medial 1/5

45
Q

All axons in the restiform body project to the cortex of the ______________, but some axons in the juxtarestiform body project _________ the cortex of the cerebellum _______ vestibular nuclei

A

cerebellum

from to

46
Q

The cerebellar connections of the vestibular nuclei with the cerebellum make up the medial 1/5 of the inferior cerebellar peduncle which is called the ___________________ _______.

A

juxtarestiform body

47
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the ________________ on the medial side of the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

cerebellum

48
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the cerebellum ___________ to the middle cerebellar peduncle and lateral to the 4th ventricle

A

medial

49
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle enters the cerebellum between the ___________ _______________ ____________ and the ______ ______________.

A

middle cerebellar peduncle 4th ventricle

50
Q

The 4th ventricle is ___________ to the juxtarestiform body, the juxtarestiform body is __________ to the restiform body, and the restiform body is __________ to the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

medial medial

medial

51
Q

Axons from the vestibular nuclei are mossy fibers that synapse on ______________ _______ in the cerebellar cortex

A

granule cells

52
Q

A few axons from the vestibular ganglion accompany the axons from the vestibular nuclei entering the cerebellum in the _________________ _______.

A

juxtarestiform body

53
Q

Granule cells project to ____________ ______ via _______________ fibers.

A

Purkinje cells horizontal

54
Q

Granule cells receiving vestibular projections synapse on ____________ _______ that project to the fastigial nuclei in the center of the roof of the 4th ventricle.

A

Purkinje cells

55
Q

Granule cells in the cerebellar cortex receive projections from the _____________ _________ and the ______________ ___________ through the juxtarestiform body.

A 
vestibular nuclei
vestibular ganglion (in either order)
56
Q

The granule cells receiving vestibular input through the ________________ _______ are in the cortex of the flocculonodular lobe which formed from the caudal edge of the roof of the metencephalon

A

juxtarestiform body

57
Q

The flocculonodular lobe formed from the __________ edge of the roof of the metencephalon

A

posterior

58
Q

The granule cells receiving vestibular input project to Purkinje cells in the cortex of the ____________________ lobe

A

flocculonodular

59
Q

Because it receives vestibular input, the _________________ _______ is concerned with balance

A

flocculonodular lobe

60
Q

The __________________ _______ is often called the vestibulocerebellum

A

flocculonodular lobe

61
Q

Because they receive projections of Purkinje cells in the __________________ ______, the fastigial nuclei are primarily concerned with

A

flocculonodular lobe

balance

62
Q

As the roof of the metencephalon grew, the caudal (or inferior) edge which became the flocculonodular lobe was tucked under the rest of the cerebellum so that the ________________ lobe is positioned superior to the posterior lobe in the middle of the anterior surface of the cerebellum

A

flocculonodular

63
Q

The nodulus is in the center of the _____________ lobe, and the paired flocculi extend laterad from it

A

flocculonodular

64
Q

The entire cortex of the cerebellum is folded into leaflets called folia (singular:folium) which ____________ its surface area

A

increase

65
Q

The grooves between the _________ of the cerebellar cortex are called sulci (singular; sulcus

A

folia

66
Q

The ____________ ________ in the flocculus and nodulus project to the fastigial nuclei in the center of the ________ of the 4th ventricle

A

Purkinje cells

roof

67
Q

The Purkinje cells in each flocculus project only to the ipsilateral ______________ __________, but each fastigial nucleus projects bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei.

A

fastigial nucleus

68
Q

The Purkinje cells on each side of the nodulus project to only the ipsilateral ______________ __________, but each fastigial nucleus projects bilaterally to the vestibular nuclei

A

fastigial nucleus

69
Q

The vestibular nuclei receive direct projections from both ____________ ________ and from Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral flocculus.

A

fastigial nuclei

70
Q

The vestibular nuclei receive direct projections from both _____________ ________ and from Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral side of the nodulus.

A

fastigial nuclei

71
Q

The fastigial nuclei project ___________ to the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation of the pons and medulla.

A

bilaterally

72
Q

The pontine and medullary reticular formations receive projections from both ___________ _______ but not from Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular cortex

A

fastigial nuclei

73
Q

The Purkinje cells that project to the vestibular nuclei are the only Purkinje cells whose axons do not synapse in ________ ____________ _________.

A

deep cerebellar nuclei (or cerebellar roof nuclei)

74
Q

The fastigial nuclei and some ___________ ________ in the flocculi and nodulus project to the vestibular nuclei through the juxtarestiform body

A

Purkinje cells

75
Q

The juxtarestiform body contains fibers that carry messages _____ and ________ the cerebellum, but the restiform body contains only fibers that carry messages ______ the cerebellum

A

to

from

76
Q

The juxtarestiform body is _________ to the restiform body in the __________ ____________
__________.

A

medial inferior cerebellar peduncle

77
Q

Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract enter the arbor vitae as part of the ________-lateral _________________ ________ .

A

ipsilateral restiform body

78
Q

The __________ __________ is composed of all axons to and from the cerebellar cortex

A

arbor vitae

79
Q

Axons in the posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellar cortex as _____________ fibers that synapse on _______________ cells

A

mossy granule

80
Q

Axons of neurons in the pontine nuclei end in the _________-lateral cerebellar cortex as __________ fibers that synapse on _______________ cells

A

contralateral mossy

granule

81
Q

Each granule cell projects to the dendrites of many _____________ cells through _______________ fibers.

A

Purkinje horizontal (or parallel

82
Q

Axons of neurons in the inferior and accessory olivary nuclei enter the _________-lateral arbor vitae and split into ______________ fibers

A

contralateral

climbing

83
Q

Each climbing fiber makes __________ synapses with the ______________ of _______ ______________ ________.

A

many dendrites one

Purkinje cell

84
Q

Purkinje cells in the flocculonodular lobes project to the ________________ nuclei and the __________________ nuclei

A

fastigial

vestibular (in either order)

85
Q

Fastigial nuclei project __________-laterally to the ________________ ____________ and the _______________ _______________ of the brainstem through the _____________________ ________.

A

bilaterally vestibular nuclei

reticular formation juxtarestiform body

86
Q

Except for those in the flocculonodular lobe, Purkinje cells project only to __________ __________________ nuclei

A

deep

cerebellar

87
Q

Except for the fastigial nucleus, all deep cerebellar nuclei project to the _________ _____________ and the thalamus through the _______________ ______________ _______________.

A

red nucleus

thalamus superior cerebellar peduncle

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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