Chapter 35 Flashcards
1
Q
As its name implies, the hypothalamus is ___________ to the thalamus. The hypothalamus is also anterior to the thalamus.
A
inferior
2
Q
Like the thalamus, the hypothalamus is split into right and left halves by the _________ ventricle.
A
third
3
Q
The most anterior part of the hypothalamus is the lamina terminalis which forms the _____________ wall of the _________ ventricle.
A
anterior
third
4
Q
Since the lamina terminalis is above and slightly anterior to the optic chiasma, the nuclei in the lamina terminalis are called the pre-___________ nuclei.
A
pre optic
5
Q
pic
A
pic
6
Q
The medial and lateral preoptic nuclei are the most __________ nuclei of the _____________.
A
anterior
hypothalamus
7
Q
The hypothalamus regulates the viscera. Thus, the highest centers of the autonomic nervous system are in the _________________.
A
hypothalamus
8
Q
The medial preoptic nucleus is an _________________ nucleus regulating the body’s cooling mechanisms.
A
autonomic
9
Q
The medial preoptic nucleus causes cutaneous vasodilation by way of a polysynaptic pathway. Cutaneous vasodilation _______ the body.
A
cools
10
Q
The _________ ____________ nucleus also initiates sweating to further _________ the body.
A
medial preoptic
cool
11
Q
Since it contains more than 2 neurons, the control of sweating is also a _____________ pathway.
A
polysynaptic
12
Q
When body temperature exceeds the setpoint of 37oC, dopaminergic nerves activate the ________ ____________ nucleus by releasing _____________ on its D1 receptors.
A
medial preoptic
dopamine
13
Q
Release of dopamine onto ____ receptors on neurons of the medial preoptic nucleus initiates __________ mechanisms such as ________________ and ____________.
A
D1
cooling
vasodilation
sweating
14
Q
Blocking the D1 receptors in the medial preoptic nucleus causes a ____ in body temperature
A
rise
15
Q
In hypersensitive patients, blocking ____ receptors can cause a high fever
A
D1
16
Q
Fever may also be caused by cytokines, such as prostaglandin E2, that __________ the response of neurons in the ______ ___________ nucleus to dopamine.
A
inhibit
medial preoptic
17
Q
The interstitial nuclei of the hypothalamus are embedded in the medial preoptic nucleus. The nucleus designated INAH3 is the _______ interstitial nucleus of the anterior _____________ as one counts from superior to inferior.
A
3rd
hypothalamus
18
Q
- The third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus has different inputs and larger neurons in heterosexual men than in homosexual men. We thus assume that sexual orientation is determined by the _______ _______________ nucleus of the ___________ ______________ and its connections.
A
third interstitial
anterior hypothalamus
19
Q
- The female pheromone estratetraeneone stimulates the ________ _____________ nucleus of the ___________ hypothalamus in heterosexual men but not in homosexual men.
A
third interstitial
anterior
20
Q
- The optic chiasma is below and just behind the lamina terminalis. The supraoptic region of the hypothalamus is ________ optic chiasma and just behind the ___________ nuclei in the lamina terminalis.
A
above (or superior to)
preoptic
21
Q
- The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the most inferior nucleus of the supraoptic region. It lies on the superior surface of the _______ __________ and receives a small input from it.
A
optic chiasma
22
Q
- The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives input from the intrinsically photreceptive ganglion cells of the retina via the ________ __________ and uses this input to regulate one’s circadian rhythm.
A
optic chiasma
23
Q
- Melatonin secreted by the __________ gland reaches the suprachiasmatic nucleus through the ___________ and contributes to setting the ___________ rhythm.
A
pineal
blood
circadian
24
Q
- Circadian rhythm is synchronized with daylight by the input of the ________________ _________________ __________ ________ of the retina and to the _________________ nucleus.
A
intrinsically
photosensitive ganglion cells
suprachiasmatic
25
25. The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus sits above the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the medial part of the ______________ region. Despite its name, the “anterior nucleus” of the hypothalamus must be posterior to the ________ ______________ nucleus of the hypothalamus.
supraoptic
| medial preoptic
26
26. The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus initiates parasympathetic nervous activity. Axons of neurons in the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus project to ______________ nuclei in the brainstem and sacral levels of the _________ ______.
parasympathetic
| spinal cord
27
27. Some projections of the medial preoptic nucleus to the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus initiate __________ of cutaneous blood vessels when one is overheated.
dilation (or vasodilation)
28
28. The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus can send messages to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve to place the viscera in a "rest and recuperation" mode by diverting blood from skeletal muscle to the ___________________ tract.
digestive
29
The _____________ ____________ of the __________________ is the highest parasympathetic nerve center. It projects to preganglionic ___________________ neurons in the ____________________ and __________ _________.
anterior nucleus hypothalamus
parasympathetic
brainstem
spinal cord
30
30. The paraventricular nucleus is superior to the anterior nucleus in the medial part of the wall of the ___________ ventricle. The paraventricular nucleus bulges slightly into the lumen of the _________ _______________.
third
| third ventricle
31
32. Nursing causes the paraventricular nucleus to secrete oxytocin which reaches circulation via the neurohypophysis and causes "let down" (i.e., delivery) of _________ in a nursing mother.
milk
32
33. Collateral branches of the axons to the neurohypophysis project to the nucleus accumbens where oxytocin promotes affection between ____________ and __________ .
mother
| baby
33
34. A massage will also cause the collateral branches of axons from the ________________ ________ to release ___________________ in the nucleus accumbens and promote affection between the recipient and the giver.
paraventricular nucleus
| oxytocin
34
35. The supraoptic nucleus is lateral to the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus. The supraoptic nucleus is thus the lateral part of the _______________________ group of hypothalamic nuclei.
supraoptic
35
36. Unlike the suprachiasmatic, anterior, and paraventricular nuclei, the supraoptic nucleus does not make contact with the lumen of the ___________ ____________________.
third ventricle
36
37. Like the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus sends its axons down the pituitary stalk and release its hormones into the capillary bed of the _______________________.
neurohypophysis
37
38. Although the supraoptic nucleus secretes some oxytocin, its principal secretion is
anti-diuretic hormone which ___________ diuresis (i.e., excessive urination).
prevents
38
39. Anti-diuretic hormone is synthesized in the __________________ ___________ and released in the _______________________.
supraoptic nucleus
| neurohypophysis
39
Anti-diuretic hormone prevents _____________ _________________ by promoting _____________ recovery by the medullary collecting tubule of the ______________.
excessive urination (or diuresis)
water
kidney
40
The middle region of the hypothalamus is the tuberal region which is just _______________ to the supraoptic region.
posterior
41
42. The tuberal region lies just above the ___________ cinereum and the pituitary _________.
tuber
| stalk
42
43. The only midline nucleus of the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus, lines the floor and lower walls of the ________ ventricle in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus.
third
43
44. The most inferior nucleus of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus is the ___________ __________ which is just above (superior to) the _________ ___________.
arcuate
| nucleus tuber cinereum
44
45. The tuber cinereum is a bulge created by the presence of the _________ _________ between the floor of the third ventricle and the roof of the interpeduncular cistern of the subarachnoid space.
arcuate nucleus
45
46. The arcuate nucleus controls metabolism by secreting somatotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and thyrotropin releasing hormone into capillaries feeding the _______________
hypophyseal
| portal veins
46
pic
pic
47
48. The adenohypophysis is called the “master gland,” but its master is the __________ ________ of the hypothalamus.
arcuate nucleus
48
49. Not only does the arcuate nucleus control _______________, it also controls the fuel supply for sustaining metabolism by controlling appetite.
metabolism
49
50. The appetite center in the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus and the satiety center in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus are both controlled by neurons in the __________ nucleus of the hypothalamus.
arcuate
50
51. The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is in contact with the lateral surface of the arcuate nucleus, and the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus is just lateral to the ventromedial nucleus. Both the ventromedial and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus are considered part of the ___________ region of the hypothalamus.
tuberal
51
52. Projections of neurons in the arcuate nucleus stimulate appetite by releasing neuropeptide Y in the ______________ center in the ______________ nucleus of the hypothalamus.
appetite (or eating)
| lateral
52
53. Ghrelin from an empty stomach stimulates the release of ___________ __ from axons of the neurons in the arcuate nucleus.
neuropeptide Y
53
54. Neuropeptide Y stimulates the ____________ ___¬¬______ of the hypothalamus.
lateral nucleus
54
55. Projections of the __________ _________ of the ________________ to the prefrontal cortex create appetite.
lateral nucleus
| hypothalamus
55
56. The satiety center in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is also controlled by projections of neurons in the ____________ _________.
arcuate nucleus
56
57. Axon endings of neurons in the arcuate nucleus stimulate the satiety center in the _____________ ________ by releasing -MSH.
ventromedial nucleus
57
58. Leptin secreted by overstuffed fat cells stimulates the secretion of á-MSH by neurons in the __________ __________.
arcuate nucleus
58
59. Stimulation of the satiety center by ________ causes the satiety center to inhibit the ____________ center in the __________ ________ of the _____________.
á-MSH
appetite
lateral nucleus
hypothalamus
59
60. Appetite is regulated by the balance between the release of ________ and the release of ________________ __ by projections of the __________ __________ to the ________- _________ and ___________ nuclei of the hypothalamus.
á-MSH
neuropeptide Y arcuate nucleus ventro-medial
lateral
60
61. Lesions in the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus cause ____________.
hyperphagia (grossly excessive appetite)
61
62. Lesions in the lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus cause life-threatening _____________.
anorexia
62
63. The posterior region of the hypothalamus is ____________ to the tuberal region.
posterior
63
64. Because its lowest nuclei are in the mammillary bodies, the posterior region is usually called the _______________ region of the hypothalamus.
mamillary
64
65. The mammillary region of the hypothalamus is ___________ to the tuberal region and includes the ______________ bodies and the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus.
posterior
| mammillary
65
66. The mammillary bodies are a critical part of the emotional and episodic memory circuit known as the Papez circuit. They process and project _____________ and _____________ memory from the hippocampus to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus.
emotional
| episodic
66
67. The anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives input from the ipsilateral _____________ body via the mammillothalamic tract.
mammillary
67
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus projects to the cingulate gyrus of the ______________
cerebral
| cortex
68
69. The cingulate gyrus completes the Papez circuit by projecting to the ____________ via the parahippocampal gyrus.
hippocampus
69
70. The hippocampus restarts the __________ circuit by projecting to the ipsilateral _________________ _______ via the fornix
mamillary body
70
71. Damage to the mammillary bodies produces a lack of ____________ or apathy because the __________¬__ circuit is interrupted.
emotion
| Papez
71
72. In Wernicke’s encephalopathy, the mammillary bodies have been damaged by a lack of _________.
thiamine (vitamine B1)
72
73. The most posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is appropriately named the ____________
posterior nucleus
73
74. The mammillary bodies are the inferior part of the _____________ region, and the posterior nuclei are the _____________ part of the mammillary region.
mamillary
| superior
74
75. The posterior nuclei are ___________ to the mammillary bodies
superior
75
76. The anterior and posterior hypothalamic nuclei are at __________ ends of the hypothalamus and have opposing roles. The anterior nucleus stimulates ________________ functions. The posterior nucleus stimulates ______________ functions.
opposite
parasympathetic
sympathetic
76
78. Axons of neurons in the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus synapse on ______________ _________________neurons in the ______________ and_________ levels of the__________
preganglionic
parasympathetic brainstem
sacral
spinal cord
77
79. Axons of neurons in the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus synapse on _____________ ________________neurons in the __________ and _________ levels of the _______ _______.
preganglionic
sympathetic thoracic
lumbar
spinal cord
78
80. The anterior nucleus _________ the heart rate and ___________ peristalsis; the posterior nucleus ____________ the heart rate and _____________ peristalsis.
slows (or decreases)
increases (or accelerates)
increases (or speeds up)
decreases (or inhibits or slows down)
79
81. The preoptic region of the hypothalamus contains the _________ _______________ nucleus in which the interstitial nuclei of the hypothalamus are embedded.
medial preoptic
80
82. INAH3 determines ___________ _______________.
sexual orientation
81
83. The dorsal medial preoptic nucleus responds to ______________ released by axons ascending from the pons by directing _____________ processes.
dopamine
| cooling
82
84. The ventral medial preoptic nucleus secretes _________________ ____________ _________.
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
83
85. The anterior nucleus and the _________________ and __________________ nuclei are dorsal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus.
suprachiasmatic
| paraventricular
84
86. The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei secrete _____________________ __________ and _____________.
antidiuretic hormone
| oxytocin
85
87. The ____________ nucleus surrounds the hypothalamic recess of the third ventricle in the tuberal region.
arcuate
86
88. The arcuate nucleus secretes _________________ ____________ ___________, and ___________________ _____________ ____________ into the hypophyseal portal veins.
thyrotropin releasing hormone
somatotropin releasing hormone
87
89. The arcuate nucleus stimulates appetite by releasing ___________________ ____ in the ____________ nucleus of the hypothalamus.
neuropeptide Y
| lateral
88
90. The arcuate nucleus reduces appetite by releasing ___________ in the _________________ nucleus.
á-MSH
| medial
89
91. As part of the ____________ circuit, a mammillary body receives projections from the _________________ via the ____________ and projects to the ______________ nucleus of the ___.
Papez
hippocampus
fornix anterior
thalamus
90
92. The mammillary bodies processes ___________ and ____________ ____________.
emotions
| episodic memory
91
93. The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus which controls the __________________ ____________ ___________is just ___________ to a mammillary body.
sympathetic
| nervous system dorsal (or superior)
