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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 20 Hypoglossal & Accessory Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Hypoglossal & Accessory Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

With one exception, spinal nerves have both __________ and __________ roots.

A

dorsal (posterior)

ventral (anterior)

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2
Q

The __________ root is purely motor, and the ___________ _________ is purely sensory.

A

ventral (anterior)

dorsal root

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3
Q

The first cervical nerve is unique: it is the only _________ nerve that does not have a sensory root.

A

spinal

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4
Q

The ________ _____________ _________ has only a motor root.

A

first cervical nerve

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5
Q

Since there is no sensory root, the first cervical nerve does not have a __________ ________ ganglion.

A

dorsal root

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6
Q

Like the first cervical nerve, the XIth (accessory) and XIIth (hypoglossal) cranial nerves are purely __________.

A

motor

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7
Q

The XIIth cranial nerve arises near the

A

lowest part of the medulla.

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8
Q

The XIIth (hypoglossal) cranial nerve leaves the medulla inside the ___ and exits the skull through the ____

A

foramen magnum

hypoglassal foramen

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9
Q

The _______________ ____________ is named for the hypoglossal nerve which passes through it.

A

hypoglossal foramen

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10
Q

The XIIth cranial nerve is called the hypoglossal nerve because

A

it innervates the tongue from below. (Greek: hypo=below, glossa=tongue.)

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11
Q

The hypoglossal nuclei contain the lower motor neurons whose axons form the _______________ nerve.

A

hypoglossal

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12
Q

The hypoglossal nerve innervates the muscles of the ____________.

A

tongue

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13
Q

The right and left hypoglossal nuclei are just anterior to the central canal of the ___ ____.

A

lower medulla

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14
Q

Each hypoglossal nucleus in served by a right or left paramedian branch of the _____________ ________ ___________.

A

anterior spinal artery

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15
Q

Occlusion of a paramedian branch of anterior spinal artery will cause infarction of the ____ ________________ __________.

A

ipsilateral hypoglossal nucleus (same side)

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16
Q

Occlusion of a paramedian branch of anterior spinal artery will cause infarction of the __ ________________ __________.

A

ipsilateral hypoglossal nucleus

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17
Q

Occlusion of the ______________ ________ __________ will cause infarction of both hypoglossal nuclei.

A

anterior spinal artery

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18
Q

Since the hypoglossal nerve is the motor nerve of the __________, infarction of the hypoglossal nuclei will cause paralysis of the ___________.

A

tongue

tongue

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19
Q

Since a hypoglossal nerve gets its blood supply from an ipsilateral paramedian branch of the _____________ ________ __________, occlusion of this branch artery causes ______________ of the hypoglossal nerve, even if the hypoglossal nucleus has collateral circulation.

A

anterior spinal artery

infarction (or death)

20
Q

Infarction of one hypoglossal nerve causes _______________ of the ____ side of the ___________.

A

paralysis
ipsilateral
tongue

21
Q

The hypoglossal nerves leave the __________ _____________ just posterior to the pyramids

A

lower medulla

22
Q

The pyramids carry the corticospinal axons along the _______________ edge of the medulla.

A

anterior

23
Q

The pyramids are the medullary portion of the ____________________ tracts.

A

corticospinal

24
Q

A pyramid and the hypoglossal nerve that exits the lower medulla posterior to it get their blood supply from the same paramedian branch of the ______________ _________ _________.

A

anterior spinal artery

25
Q

Occlusion of a _______________ _________ of the anterior spinal artery causes infarction of the hypoglossal nerve and the pyramid on that side.

A

paramedian branch

26
Q

Occlusion of a paramedian branch of the anterior spinal artery causes paralysis of that side of the ____________ because each hypoglossal nerve innervates the muscles of the ____ of the ____________.

A

tongue
same side
tongue

27
Q

Occlusion of a paramedian branch of the anterior spinal artery causes paralysis of the opposite side of the body because the ____________________ tracts cross below the level of the exit of the hypoglossal nerve.

A

corticospinal

28
Q

The axons in the corticospinal tracts _________ at the lowest level of the medulla or in the spinal cord.

A

cross

29
Q

The paralysis caused by occlusion of one paramedian branch of the anterior spinal artery is called an alternating hemiplegia because the ____________ is paralyzed on same side and the rest of the body is paralyzed on the _____________ side.

A

tongue

opposite (or contralateral)

30
Q

The hypoglossal nerve exits the ____________ between the long ridge of the pyramid and the short ridge of the olive.

A

medulla

31
Q

The ridge just posterior to the exit of the hypoglossal nerve is called the __.

A

olive

32
Q

The olive is a __________ created by the internal presence of the inferior olivary nucleus.

A

ridge

33
Q

The hypoglossal nerve exits the lower medulla between the ____________ and the ________.

A

pyramid

olive

34
Q

The accessory nucleus is a column of lower motor neurons on the lateral edge of the ______________ _________ of the _________ ____________ cord.

A

anterior horn

cervical spinal

35
Q

The roots of the __________________ nerve emerge from the lower medulla between the pyramid and the olive.

A

hypoglossal

36
Q

The olive is ____________ to the pyramid.

A

posterior (or dorsal)

37
Q

The XIth cranial nerve used to be called the spinal accessory nerve because all of its roots leave from the upper five levels of the ___ ___________ ________.

A

cervical spinal cord

38
Q

Many small roots leave the upper five cervical levels of the spinal cord and join to form the ______ cranial nerve.

A

XI th (accessory)

39
Q

XI is considered a cranial nerve because it enters the posterior cranial fossa through the ___

A

foramen magnum.

40
Q

Within the ________________ __________ fossa XI shares a sheath with X.

A

posterior cranial

41
Q

XI is called the accessory nerve due to a mistaken belief that it contributes fibers to _____ inside their shared _________..

A

X (vagus)

sheath

42
Q

Although X and XI (vagus and hypoglossal) share a sheath, there is no sharing of ________ between them

A

fibers (axons)

43
Q

As befits a nerve arising from ___________ cord levels, the accessory nerve innervates neck muscles: the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius.

A

cervical

44
Q

The accessory nerve leaves the posterior cranial fossa through the jugular foramen and splits into a nerve to the ________________________ and a nerve to the _______________.

A

sternocleidomastoid

trapezius

45
Q

XI (accessory) passes through the _____________ next to X and IX (glossopharyngeal and vagus)

A

jugular formen

46
Q

The accessory nerve contains the axons of the lower motor neurons for the _____________________ and _____________ muscles.

A

sternocleidomastoid

trapezius

47
Q

The ___________ ___________ _____________ whose axons join to form the accessory nerve are in a cell column in the anterior horn of the upper cervical cord and the lowest level of the medulla

A

lower motor neurons

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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