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Neuroanatomy > Chapter 36 Limbic > Flashcards

Chapter 36 Limbic Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Much of the brain is involved in receiving and interpreting information. Slightly more of the brain is involved in producing motor behavior. A significant part of the brain does neither. The limbic system is the parts of the brain concerned with thoughts, memories, emotions, and internal homeostasis. The limbic system is neither a __________ system nor a ________ system.
A

sensory

motor

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2
Q
  1. Internal homeostasis is regulated by the _______________ which makes one’s autonomic nervous activity match one’s ______________ state.
A

hypothalamus

emotional

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3
Q
  1. The mammillary bodies of the ________________ receive information about one’s surroundings from the hippocampal formation via the postcommissural branch of the _________.
A

hypothalamus

fornix

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4
Q
  1. The precommissural branch of the fornix goes to the septal nuclei which project to the hypothalamus via the medial forebrain bundle. Thus the ________ nuclei and the _________ _______________ bundle are an indirect path from the ______________ formation to the ________________.
A

septal
medial forebrain
hippocampal
hypothalamus

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5
Q
  1. The rostral extension of the medial forebrain bundle establishes two-way communication between the prefrontal cortex and the septal nuclei while the more posterior part of the medial forebrain bundle connects the ___________nuclei with the __________________ .
A

septal

hypothalamus

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6
Q
  1. Thus the medial forebrain bundle establishes reciprocal connections among the _____________ cortex, the _________ nuclei, and the _________________________.
A

prefrontal
septal
hypothalamus

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7
Q
  1. The septal nuclei send information to the hypothalamus in the posterior projection of the _________ _______________ ___________ and to the prefrontal cortex in the rostral projection of the __________ ________________ ____________.
A

medial forebrain bundle

medial forebrain bundle

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8
Q
  1. Our thoughts and our most lasting feelings are mostly in the ___ ________, Brodmann’s areas ___, ____, and ___.
A

prefrontal cortex

9, 10, 11

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9
Q
  1. The feelings in the ______________ _________ influence and are influenced by emotions in the __________ nuclei and the ________________ via the ___________ ________________ _________.
A

prefrontal cortex
septal
hypothalamus
medial forebrain bundle

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10
Q
  1. The ventral midbrain reticular formation influences and is influenced by ___________ in the prefrontal cortex and ______________ in the septal nuclei and _________________ via the caudal extension of the medial forebrain bundle.
A

feelings
emotions
hypothalamus

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11
Q
  1. Thus the prefrontal cortex, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, and ventral midbrain reticular formation are interconnected by the _________ ___________________ _____________.
A

medial forebrain bundle

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12
Q
  1. The ventral midbrain reticular formation also receives input from the habenulae via the habenulointerpeduncular tract. Since the septal nuclei project to the habenulae via the stria medullaris, the pathway through the ___________ is an indirect projection of the _______ nuclei to the __________ ___________________ _____________.
A

habenulae
septal
midbrain reticular formation

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13
Q
  1. Since the ventral midbrain reticular formation projects to the septal nuclei via the caudal extension of the __________ ______________ ___________, there is a complete circuit through the septal nuclei, the ______________, and the _____________ _______________ ______________ back to the septal nuclei which link this circuit to the ____________ cortex.
A

medial forebrain bundle
habenula
medial forebrain bundle
prefrontal

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14
Q
  1. The postcommissural branch of the fornix is part of the Papez circuit from the ____________ ________________to the ________________ bodies of the __________________ and from the ________________ bodies to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus.
A

hippocampal formation
mammillary
hypothalamus
mammillary

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15
Q
  1. The anterior nucleus of the _____________ projects to the cingulate gyrus which completes the ________ circuit by projecting to the _________________ via the cingulum and parahippocampal gyrus.
A

thalamus
Papez
hippocampal formation

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16
Q
  1. Like most other parts of the limbic system, the Papez circuit is concerned with ___________.
A

emotion

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17
Q
  1. Since the Papez circuit is also concerned with the encoding of long-term memory of events, it places episodic memory in an _______________ context.
A

emotional

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18
Q
  1. Bilateral destruction of the fornices or hippocampal formations causes total ______ _____, the inability to form new memories of events.
A

anterograde amnesia

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19
Q
  1. Episodic memory is the ___________ of an _________.
A

memory

event

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20
Q
  1. The hippocampal formation is indispensible in the formation of new __________________ memories.
A

episodic

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21
Q
  1. Since procedural memory depends on the inferior olivary nucleus, cerebellum, and ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, ________________ memory does not depend on the ________________ ______________.
A 
procedural
hippocampal formation (or limbic system)
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22
Q
  1. The hippocampal formation projects to the mammillary bodies via the _________________ branch of the ________, and the mammillary bodies project to the _________________ ____________ of the ______________ via the mammillothalamic tract.
A

postcommissural
fornix
anterior nucleus
thalamus

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23
Q
  1. The hippocampal formation generates a signal for the conversion of an experience to an
    _______________ memory.
A

episodic

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24
Q
  1. The signal for converting an experience to an ____________ __________ goes from the hippocampal formation to the _______________ ____________ via the postcommissural fornix.
A

episodic memory

mamillary body

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25
Q
  1. The memorization signal must be regenerated in the mammillary body and projected to the
    ______________ __________ of the _______________.
A

anterior nucleus

thalamus

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26
Q
  1. The anterior nucleus of the thalamus projects to the _______________ _______ via the anterior limb of the internal capsule which is called the anterior thalamic peduncle.
A

cingulate gyrus

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27
Q
  1. The anterior nucleus of the thalamus must also regenerate the memorization signal and project it to the cingulate gyrus via the ____________ _________ of the ______________ __________.
A

anterior limb

internal capsule

28
Q
  1. The cingulate gyrus projects to the _____________________ _________________ and to the rest of the cerebral cortex.
A

hippocampal formation

29
Q
  1. Neurons in the __________________ ___________ project the memorization signal to the cortical neurons that originally responded to the event.
A

cingulate gyrus

30
Q
  1. The cortical neurons that originally responded to the event respond to the memorization signal from the _____________ ___________ by strengthening the synapses in the pathway traced by the event.
A

cingulate gyrus

31
Q
  1. Although the memorization signal originates from the __________________ _____________ and is relayed through the ________________ __________ and the __________________ ___________ of the __________ and the _________________ gyrus, the storage of an episodic memory takes place in the cortical area that experienced the event.
A 
hippocampal formation
 mammillary body       
anterior  nucleus          
thalamus         
 cingulate
32
Q
  1. An episodic memory is stored by strengthening the ______________ among the cortical neurons that were depolarized by the event..
A

synapses

33
Q
  1. The pathway from the septal nuclei to the amygdala via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway and back to the _________ nuclei via the stria terminalis is the third great circuit of the limbic ____________.
A

septal

system

34
Q
  1. The ventral amygdalofugal pathway is bidirectional, carrying messages from the amygdala to the septal nuclei and from the _________ __________ to the ______________.
A

septal nucleus

amygdala

35
Q
  1. There are two paths between the amygdala and the septal nuclei, a bidirectional path through the ___________ _____________________ ________________ and a unidirectional path through the stria terminalis.
A

ventral amygdalofugal pathway

36
Q
  1. The stria terminalis is a small tract that shares the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle with the ______________ ___________.
A

caudate nucleus

37
Q
  1. The stria terminalis follows the curve of the ____________ _____________.
A

caudate nucleus

or lateral ventricle

38
Q
  1. The stria terminalis is inferior to the head and body of the ___________ ___________ and medial to the tail of the caudate nucleus.
A

caudate nucleus

39
Q
  1. Neurons embedded in the stria terminalis are called the ___ ___ of the stria terminalis
A

bed nucleus

40
Q
  1. The stria terminalis carries messages from the ______________ to the neurons in the bed nucleus of the ________ _________________ and from the _____ ____________ of the stria terminalis to the _______ nuclei.
A

amygdala
stria terminalis
bed nucleus
septal

41
Q
  1. The amygdala reacts to input from the ________ ____________, olfactory bulb, and ventromedial and ventrolateral nuclei of the hypothalamus.
A

septal nuclei

42
Q
  1. The integration of information about appetite from the ______________ and _____________ nuclei of the ______________ with ________________ cues from the olfactory bulb helps the amygdala decide whether or not something is ___________.
A

ventromedial ventrolateral (either order)
hypothalamus
olfactory
edible

43
Q
  1. The amygdala is just above and a little beyond the anterior tip of the hippocampal formation. This proximity permits strong reciprocal connections between the _______________and the ________________ _______________.
A

amygdala

hippocampal formation

44
Q
  1. The connection with the hippocampal formation allows the amygdala to incorporate __________ __________ of the taste of past meals and past events of food poisoning into the decision of whether or not something is ___________.
A

episodic memories

edible

45
Q
  1. The amygdala’s decision reaches the orbital cortex via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway, __________ ____________, and ________ _______________ ____________. The final decision about whether or not to eat is influenced by the level of trust the _________ ________ has in the source of the potential food.
A

septal nuclei
medial forebrain bundle
prefrontal cortex (or orbital cortex)

46
Q
  1. The amygdala also receives __________ __________ of past non-food joys and terrors from the _______________ ________________.
A

episodic memories

cerebral cortex

47
Q
  1. Olfactory cues from the ________________ ________ and visual cues from area 20 in the _____________ ____________ gyrus influence the amygdala’s choice of a mate which is projected to the 3rd _____________ nucleus of the ______________ hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex.
A

olfactory cortex
inferior temporal
interstitial nucleus
anterior

48
Q
  1. The amygdala’s mating preference may be vetoed by either the _______________ cortex or the ____ ______________ _______________ __________ of the _______________.
A

prefrontal
third anterior interstitial nucleus
hypothalamus

49
Q
  1. The amygdala also remembers things that hurt, threatened, or embarrassed one. The amygdala projects anxiety to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis via the __________ ______________________.
A

stria

terminalis

50
Q
  1. Both the parts of the amygdala responding to the threat and the conditioning of the ____ ___________ of the ______ ________________ determine whether the reaction to anxiety is fear or rage.
A

bed nucleus

stria terminalis

51
Q
  1. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis completes the projection to the ________ _________ via the _______ ____________.
A

septal nucleus

stria terminalis

52
Q
  1. Projections of the septal nucleus to the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus via the ________ _____________ __________ produce a fight-or-flight decision in the preforntal cortex and a matching visceral reaction mediated by the ________________.
A

medial forebrain bundle

hypothalamus

53
Q
  1. In summary: the central axis of the limbic system is the ______ _____________ ________ which connects the _______________ _________, _________ ________, _____________________, and the _______ ______________ formation of the _____________.
A 
medial forebrain bundle  
 prefrontal cortex, 
septal nuclei (in either order)
hypothalamus      
ventral reticular       
midbrain
54
Q
  1. Some of the connnections of the ventral reticular formation of the midbrain and septal nuclei via the medial forebrain bundle are made into an evalution circuit by the stria medullaris, _______________ and ______________________ _________.
A

habenula

habenulointerpeduncular tract

55
Q
  1. As its name implies, the habenulointerpeduncular tract goes from the __________________ to the ___________________ nucleus in the ventral midbrain reticular formation.
A

habenula

interpeduncular

56
Q
  1. The interpeduncular nucleus lies in the midline of the _____________, just posterior to the _____________________ fossa.
A

midbrain

Interpeduncular

57
Q
  1. The interpeduncular nucleus is in the ventral ______________ formation of the __________.
A

reticular

midbrain

58
Q
  1. The interpeduncular nucleus receives a stimulatory or inhibitory message from the _____________.
A

habenula

59
Q
  1. The interpeduncular nucleus responds to stimulatory messages from the ______________ by sending a rewarding stimulus to the nucleus accumbens at the inferior end of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.
A

habenula

60
Q
  1. The nucleus accumbens, leaning against the septal nuclei at the inferior end of the anterior horn of the __________ _____________ is the reward center of the brain.
A

lateral ventricle

61
Q

pic

A

pic

62
Q
  1. The ___________ ___________ receives rewarding input from the ________________ ___________ via the medial forebrain bundle which also connects the interpeduncular nucleus with the septal nuclei.
A

nucleus accumbens

interpeduncular nucleus

63
Q
  1. The _________ nuclei are the central connection in the circuit through the stria medullaris, the habenula, the habenulointerpeduncular tract, interpeduncular nucleus, and the __________
    _____________ ___________.
A

septal

medial forebrain bundle

64
Q
  1. Episodic memories are selected and reinforced for storage by a circuit through the entorhinal cortices, ____________________ _______________, mammillary bodies, ____________ _______ of the __________, and ______________ gyrus.
A

hippocampal formation anterior nucleus

thalamus cingulate

65
Q
  1. Fear and aggression are mediated by a circuit involving the __________ _______, ______________, and ______ ___________ ___ ___ _______ ______________.
A

septal nuclei
amygdala
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

66
Q
  1. Reward and disappointment are mediated by a pathway from the septal nuclei through the _________ _____________ to the ____________, from the _____________ to the _________________ nucleus, and from the _______________ nucleus to the __________ _____________.
A

stria medullaris habenula habenula
interpeduncular interpeduncular
septal nuclei

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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