Final - Chapters 16 & 17

Question 1

Environmental psychology

Answer 1

A field that studies the relationship between people and their physical surroundings

Question 2

Conservation psychology

Answer 2

The scientific study of the relationship between humans and nature, and how to encourage people to conserve the environment

Question 3

Sustainable behavior

Answer 3

Deliberate actions taken by individuals to protect the environment

Question 4

Environmentally responsible behavior
(ERB)

Answer 4

Actions taken by individuals to actively protect the environment and mitigate their negative impact on it

Question 5

Curtailment behavior

Answer 5

Repeated, everyday actions that aim to reduce resource consumption by making small changes to existing habits

Question 6

Behavior choice

Answer 6

The conscious decision that an individual makes to engage in actions that are environmentally friendly or that promote sustainability

Question 7

Technology choice

Answer 7

The conscious decision an individual makes to use specific technologies that minimize their environmental impact

Question 8

Commons dilemma

Answer 8

A social situation where non-cooperation between individuals leads to the deterioration and possible collapse of a resource

Question 9

Interdependence

Answer 9

A collectivistic, we-need-each-other viewpoint that sets the occasion for AC4P behavior

Question 10

Nudges

Answer 10

A small influence that guides people to make decisions that benefit them in the long term

Question 11

Prompts

Answer 11

Cues or assistance given to encourage a desired behavior or response

Question 12

Incentives

Answer 12

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 13

Descriptive norms

Answer 13

Behaviors that people perceive others in their group to be doing, or that they believe others are not doing

Question 14

Injunctive norms

Answer 14

The perceived social expectations or rules about how people should behave in a given situation

Question 15

Intrinsic motivations

Answer 15

Values
The desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 16

Extrinsic motivations

Answer 16

Incentives
The desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Question 17

Emotion

Answer 17

A potent and potentially long-term reaction to a person or situation that can motivate relevant self-directed behavior

Question 18

Collective guilt

Answer 18

A feeling of guilt that people experience for the actions of a group that they identify with

Question 19

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 19

Tension or discomfort that occurs when an individual’s attitudes and beliefs are not aligned or consistent

Question 20

Empathy nudge

Answer 20

A subtle intervention designed to encourage people to feel more empathy towards others

Question 21

The platinum rule

Answer 21

“Treat others the way they want to be treated”

Question 22

Identity

Answer 22

Our sense of self

Question 23

Social labels

Answer 23

The part of our identity that comes from our group memberships

Question 24

Self-labels

Answer 24

Terms individuals actively choose to define themselves

Question 25

Spillover effect

Answer 25

Emotions or behaviors experienced in one situation can influence how a person feels or acts in a different situation

Question 26

Response generalization

Answer 26

Occurs when a conditioned response is used in the presence of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 27

Environment attitudes

Answer 27

A person’s collection of beliefs, feelings, and intentions regarding the natural environment

Question 28

Environmental risk perceptions

Answer 28

An individual’s understanding of the importance and urgency of environmental protection

Question 29

Temporal discounting

Answer 29

The tendency to prefer more immediate rewards over future benefits

Question 30

Defensive justification

Answer 30

Occurs when a person attempts to rationalize their actions in a way that minimizes negative consequences

Question 31

List two way the environment can negatively affect well-being.

Answer 31

1. Natural disasters
2. Climate change

Question 32

List three ways the environment can have a positive effect on well-being.

Answer 32

1. Living near a green space
2. Mood and emotional state
3. Social relations

Question 33

How does sustainable behavior impact well-being?

Answer 33

Increases happiness, purpose, and meaning.

Question 34

List the four steps of applied and psychological science.

Answer 34

1. Selection
2. Intervention
3. Evaluation
4. Dissemination

Question 35

Which two steps of applied psychology need improvement?

Answer 35

1. Selection
2. Dissemination

Question 36

How do applied behavioral scientists use the “DO IT” approach?

Answer 36

1. Define behavior to target
2. Observe occurrences of target behavior to collect baseline data
3. Intervene to influence the target behavior
4. Test to determine if the intervention was effective

Question 37

The ABC process includes…

Answer 37

1. Activator (feedforward)
2. Behavior
3. Consequence (feedback)

Question 38

The most effective prompts include…

Answer 38

A rationale for the desirable behavior

Question 39

Simple changes in the design of trash receptacles can…

Answer 39

Increase occurrences of ERB

Question 40

Sustainable behavior includes ____ choice and ____ choice.

Answer 40

Technology and behavioral

Question 41

A ____ bypasses behavioral choice and makes ERB easy or the default option.

Answer 41

Nudge

Question 42

____ remind individuals of the desirable behavior.

Answer 42

Prompts