Exam 1 - Prologue & Chapter 1 Flashcards by Laura Orzechowski

What is psychology?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three major career areas for those with psychology degrees?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

People who earn a bachelor’s degree in psychology often work as…

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

People who earn a master’s or higher degree in psychology often work as…

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is industrial and organizational psychology?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Those involved in the “science of running a workplace” often…

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Those involved in the “psychology of businesses and organizations” often…

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is basic psychology?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What areas does basic psychology conduct research in?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is applied psychology?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What areas does applied psychology often conduct research in?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plato argued that…

Knowledge is inborn

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The idea that we have an infinite amount of knowledge and just need someone wise to show us what we know was suggested by…

Plato

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plato believed that humans could understand things by…

Thinking about them

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Aristotle argued that…

Humans are born without knowledge and gain it through observation and learning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Aristotle emphasized the importance of…

Observation and reasoning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rene Descartes suggested that…

Most human behavior and all animal behavior is reflexive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Under Descartes’ theory, human behavior is mostly…

Automatic and subject to natural causes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Descartes believed that natural laws do not control…

The mind and behavior caused by free will

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The concept of mind-body dualism states that…

We cannot understand all aspects of behavior simply by understanding the brain.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The first modern psychology lab was founded by…

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The study of the structure of immediate conscious experience is called…

Structuralism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Self-examination of mental processes is called…

Introspection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One of the first psychology labs in America was founded by…

William James

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The study of how the mind works and why we behave and think the way we do is called...

Functionalism

Human behavior and the practical applications of psychology were emphasized by...

William James

Wundt's psychology lab attempted to understand...

What it is like to experience something

What is bias?

An inclination of temperament or outlook that can lead to unreasonable judgement

A bias may also be called a...

Bent, tendency, or prejudice

What is experimental bias?

A systematic error introduced by selecting or encouraging a particular outcome

Bias can exist in... | (three)

Point of view, methods, and statistics

List the 6 major psychological perspectives.

1. Psychodynamic / psychoanalytic 2. Behaviorist 3. Humanistic 4. Cognitive 5. Neuroscience 6. Socio-cultural

Which two psychological perspectives are most dominant in modern psychology?

Cognitive and Neuroscience

Psychodynamic psychology focused on the...

Unconscious mind and underlying urges

According to the psychodynamic viewpoint, clinical and behavioral problems result from...

Unconscious conflicts

Psychodynamic psychology was championed by...

Sigmund Freud

According to a psychodynamic perspective, a person experiencing a problem...

Doesn't know what exactly the problem is

Behaviorist psychology focused on...

Observable behaviors and conditioning

What is conditioning?

A system of reward and punishment that influences behavior

The behaviorist perspective was championed by...

Skinner and Pavlov

Under a behaviorist approach, researchers would...

Watch how people behaved instead of asking them questions.

According to behaviorist psychology, people are...

A product of their environment

Humanistic psychology focused on...

Self-development and self-concept

The concept of self-esteem is important to...

Humanistic psychology

Under a humanistic approach, a therapist would try to...

Help someone overcome challenges to their self-improvement

Humanistic psychology was championed by...

Abraham Mazlav

Cognitive psychology focuses on...

What is occuring in the mind

To understand the mind, cognitive psychology seeks to understand...

Information processing, thoughts and emotions, and memories

Measuring someone's mental functions and/or mental capacity is called...

Psychometrics

The first intelligence test was developed by...

Alfred Binet

Neuroscience psychology focuses on...

The biology and physiology of the brain, and the influence of the nervous system on behavior.

Neuroscience psychology aims to...

Understand behavior by understanding the brain and nervous system

Socio-cultural psychology focuses on...

The influence of other people on behavior

According to socio-cultural psychology, behavior is influenced by...

Social norms, society, and the people around us

Socio-cultural psychology aims to understand...

How where we come from influences who we are

List five ways to use psychology to become a better person and student.

1. Get a full night's sleep 2. Make time for exercise 3. Set long-term goals and work towards them 4. Have a growth mindset 5. Prioritize relationships

What does the SQ3R acronym stand for?

1. Survey 2. Question 3. Read 4. Retrieve 5. Review

List four possible definitions of "science".

1. What we have proven about an idea or subject 2. The accumulation of facts or a body of knowledge 3. A specific method used to obtain knowledge through experimentation 4. A method of exploration that strives to ask better and more sophisticated questions

Science can be best defined as...

A method of exploration that strives to ask better and more sophisticated questions

List three reasons why we need science.

1. Limits overconfidence 2. Helps avoid hindsight bias 3. Refutes our tendency to see patterns in random events

What is a naturalistic observation?

What are correlational studies?

What are case studies?

What are surveys?

The variable that is changed (tested) in an experiment is called the...

Independent variable

The variable that represents the outcome of the experiment is the...

Dependent variable

What is a confounding variable?

The group that is not altered in the experiment is called the...

Control group

A ____ represents ideas of which scientists are very certain.

Theory

A proposed explanation for an observation is called a...

Hypothesis

The method by which scientists test hypothesis is called...

Experimentation

According to psychological research, do opposites attract or likes attract?

Likes Research shows that truly opposite people don't get along as well as people who are similar.

What is the "bystander effect"?

A perception that causes people to be less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.

Studies on the bystander effect found that when only one "bystander" was present...

Victims were helped more often and more quickly

Studies on the bystander effect found that the more people that were present...

It was rarer and took longer for the victim to get help