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PSYC 1004 > Exam 1 - Prologue & Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Prologue & Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology?

A
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2
Q

What are the three major career areas for those with psychology degrees?

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3
Q

People who earn a bachelor’s degree in psychology often work as…

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4
Q

People who earn a master’s or higher degree in psychology often work as…

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5
Q

What is industrial and organizational psychology?

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6
Q

Those involved in the “science of running a workplace” often…

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7
Q

Those involved in the “psychology of businesses and organizations” often…

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8
Q

What is basic psychology?

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9
Q

What areas does basic psychology conduct research in?

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10
Q

What is applied psychology?

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11
Q

What areas does applied psychology often conduct research in?

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12
Q

Plato argued that…

A

Knowledge is inborn

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13
Q

The idea that we have an infinite amount of knowledge and just need someone wise to show us what we know was suggested by…

A

Plato

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14
Q

Plato believed that humans could understand things by…

A

Thinking about them

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15
Q

Aristotle argued that…

A

Humans are born without knowledge and gain it through observation and learning

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16
Q

Aristotle emphasized the importance of…

A

Observation and reasoning

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17
Q

Rene Descartes suggested that…

A

Most human behavior and all animal behavior is reflexive

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18
Q

Under Descartes’ theory, human behavior is mostly…

A

Automatic and subject to natural causes

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19
Q

Descartes believed that natural laws do not control…

A

The mind and behavior caused by free will

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20
Q

The concept of mind-body dualism states that…

A

We cannot understand all aspects of behavior simply by understanding the brain.

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21
Q

The first modern psychology lab was founded by…

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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22
Q

The study of the structure of immediate conscious experience is called…

A

Structuralism

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23
Q

Self-examination of mental processes is called…

A

Introspection

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24
Q

One of the first psychology labs in America was founded by…

A

William James

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25
Q

The study of how the mind works and why we behave and think the way we do is called…

A

Functionalism

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26
Q

Human behavior and the practical applications of psychology were emphasized by…

A

William James

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27
Q

Wundt’s psychology lab attempted to understand…

A

What it is like to experience something

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28
Q

What is bias?

A

An inclination of temperament or outlook that can lead to unreasonable judgement

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29
Q

A bias may also be called a…

A

Bent, tendency, or prejudice

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30
Q

What is experimental bias?

A

A systematic error introduced by selecting or encouraging a particular outcome

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31
Q

Bias can exist in…

(three)

A

Point of view, methods, and statistics

32
Q

List the 6 major psychological perspectives.

A
  1. Psychodynamic / psychoanalytic
  2. Behaviorist
  3. Humanistic
  4. Cognitive
  5. Neuroscience
  6. Socio-cultural
33
Q

Which two psychological perspectives are most dominant in modern psychology?

A

Cognitive and Neuroscience

34
Q

Psychodynamic psychology focused on the…

A

Unconscious mind and underlying urges

35
Q

According to the psychodynamic viewpoint, clinical and behavioral problems result from…

A

Unconscious conflicts

36
Q

Psychodynamic psychology was championed by…

A

Sigmund Freud

37
Q

According to a psychodynamic perspective, a person experiencing a problem…

A

Doesn’t know what exactly the problem is

38
Q

Behaviorist psychology focused on…

A

Observable behaviors and conditioning

39
Q

What is conditioning?

A

A system of reward and punishment that influences behavior

40
Q

The behaviorist perspective was championed by…

A

Skinner and Pavlov

41
Q

Under a behaviorist approach, researchers would…

A

Watch how people behaved instead of asking them questions.

42
Q

According to behaviorist psychology, people are…

A

A product of their environment

43
Q

Humanistic psychology focused on…

A

Self-development and self-concept

44
Q

The concept of self-esteem is important to…

A

Humanistic psychology

45
Q

Under a humanistic approach, a therapist would try to…

A

Help someone overcome challenges to their self-improvement

46
Q

Humanistic psychology was championed by…

A

Abraham Mazlav

47
Q

Cognitive psychology focuses on…

A

What is occuring in the mind

48
Q

To understand the mind, cognitive psychology seeks to understand…

A

Information processing, thoughts and emotions, and memories

49
Q

Measuring someone’s mental functions and/or mental capacity is called…

A

Psychometrics

50
Q

The first intelligence test was developed by…

A

Alfred Binet

51
Q

Neuroscience psychology focuses on…

A

The biology and physiology of the brain, and the influence of the nervous system on behavior.

52
Q

Neuroscience psychology aims to…

A

Understand behavior by understanding the brain and nervous system

53
Q

Socio-cultural psychology focuses on…

A

The influence of other people on behavior

54
Q

According to socio-cultural psychology, behavior is influenced by…

A

Social norms, society, and the people around us

55
Q

Socio-cultural psychology aims to understand…

A

How where we come from influences who we are

56
Q

List five ways to use psychology to become a better person and student.

A
  1. Get a full night’s sleep
  2. Make time for exercise
  3. Set long-term goals and work towards them
  4. Have a growth mindset
  5. Prioritize relationships
57
Q

What does the SQ3R acronym stand for?

A
  1. Survey
  2. Question
  3. Read
  4. Retrieve
  5. Review
58
Q

List four possible definitions of “science”.

A
  1. What we have proven about an idea or subject
  2. The accumulation of facts or a body of knowledge
  3. A specific method used to obtain knowledge through experimentation
  4. A method of exploration that strives to ask better and more sophisticated questions
59
Q

Science can be best defined as…

A

A method of exploration that strives to ask better and more sophisticated questions

60
Q

List three reasons why we need science.

A
  1. Limits overconfidence
  2. Helps avoid hindsight bias
  3. Refutes our tendency to see patterns in random events
61
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A
62
Q

What are correlational studies?

A
63
Q

What are case studies?

A
64
Q

What are surveys?

A
65
Q

The variable that is changed (tested) in an experiment is called the…

A

Independent variable

66
Q

The variable that represents the outcome of the experiment is the…

A

Dependent variable

67
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A
68
Q

The group that is not altered in the experiment is called the…

A

Control group

69
Q

A ____ represents ideas of which scientists are very certain.

A

Theory

70
Q

A proposed explanation for an observation is called a…

A

Hypothesis

71
Q

The method by which scientists test hypothesis is called…

A

Experimentation

72
Q

According to psychological research, do opposites attract or likes attract?

A

Likes

Research shows that truly opposite people don’t get along as well as people who are similar.

73
Q

What is the “bystander effect”?

A

A perception that causes people to be less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.

74
Q

Studies on the bystander effect found that when only one “bystander” was present…

A

Victims were helped more often and more quickly

75
Q

Studies on the bystander effect found that the more people that were present…

A

It was rarer and took longer for the victim to get help

76
Q
A

PSYC 1004 (11 decks)

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