Final - Chapter 13

Question 1

Consistency

Answer 1

The pressure we feel to behave in ways that align with our attitudes/beliefs, or to behave in ways we know others expect us to behave

Question 2

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 2

Tension or discomfort that occurs when an individual’s attitudes and beliefs are not aligned

Question 3

Self-perception theory

Answer 3

Inferring our attitudes or values based on what behavior we choose to perform

Question 4

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 4

Obtaining a small commitment in order to achieve a larger request later

Question 5

Door-in-the-face technique

Answer 5

Making a large, often irrational, request in order to make the smaller request that follows seem more reasonable

Question 6

Conformity

Answer 6

The act of changing one’s opinions, behaviors, or atittudes to align with the norms or actions of a group

Question 7

Authority

Answer 7

The ability to influence others

Question 8

Stanley Milgram’s “obedience to shock” study

Answer 8

Tested how far people would go in obeying an authority figure, even if it meant harming another person.
Found that a high percentage of people were willing to seemingly harm others in compliance with authority.

Question 9

Philip Zimbardo’s “Stanford prison study”

Answer 9

Studied the psychological effects of power and authority.
Found that situational factors can drastically influence people’s behavior in a very short time.

Question 10

Psychological reactance

Answer 10

A tendency to fight outside influences we believe are attempting to undermine the authority we have over our own thoughts and behaviors

Question 11

Scarcity

Answer 11

An attempt to influence people by conveying the notion that something is rare, valuable, or will not always be available

Question 12

Group behavior

Answer 12

The actions, thoughts, and feelings of individuals when they are part of a group

Question 13

Social facilitation

Answer 13

A performance boost as the result of the presence of other people

Question 14

Social inhibition

Answer 14

A decrease in performance as a result of the presence of others

Question 15

Social loafing

Answer 15

The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone

Question 16

Information processing

Answer 16

The cognitive process of analyzing and interpreting information to make decisions or take actions

Question 17

Groupthink

Answer 17

The tendency for group members to agree resulting in conformity from individuals within that group who may hold a different view

Question 18

Polarization

Answer 18

The tendency for group members to become more rigid in their views when faced with a countering view from other group members

Question 19

Deindividuation

Answer 19

A loss of individual identity within a group of people, which can lead to a disconnection with personal values and uncharacteristic behavior

Question 20

Aggression

Answer 20

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Question 21

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 21

Suggests that if people are blocked from reaching a goal, they become frustrated, which can ultimately result in aggressive behavior

Question 22

Bystander effect

Answer 22

When a group of people are called to action, a diffusion of responsibility occurs and no one acts due to the belief that others will

Question 23

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 23

When individual responsibilities for a task within a group are unclear, and the success or failure of that group cannot be connected to the performance of any. particular person

Question 24

List the five-person states.

Answer 24

1. Self-efficacy
2. Personal control
3. Self-esteem
4. Belongingness
5. Optimism

Question 25

We act ourselves into…

Answer 25

Consistent thinking

Question 26

We think ourselves into…

Answer 26

Consistent acting

Question 27

Cognitive dissonance occurs when…

Answer 27

Perceiving an inconsistency between behavior and an attitude, belief, or cognition

Question 28

The reciprocity principle inspires…

Answer 28

Pay-it-forward behavior

Question 29

We conform…

Answer 29

More often than we’d like to admit

Question 30

Descriptive norms reflect ____, but…

Answer 30

Conformity; are not necessarily injunctive

Question 31

We often follow authority….

Answer 31

Blindly and mindlessly

Question 32

Complaince with authority is…

Answer 32

Not always undesirable behavior

Question 33

Top-down authority can influence…

Answer 33

Countercontrol or psychological reactance

Question 34

A perception of scarcity ____ perceived value.

Answer 34

Increases

Question 35

The presence of others can…

Answer 35

Facilitate or impair performance

Question 36

Social loafing and diffusion of responsibility occur when…

Answer 36

The behavior of individuals cannot be tracked

Question 37

Groupthink reflects…

Answer 37

Conformity

Question 38

Groupthink indicates…

Answer 38

A lack of psychological safety

Question 39

Polarization increases when…

Answer 39

A viewpoint is challenged by another individual or group

Question 40

Deindividuation occurs when…

Answer 40

One’s loyalty to a group stifles an individual’s identity and personal values

Question 41

An emotional state of frustration can incite…

Answer 41

Aggressive behavior

Question 42

The bystander effect is fueled by…

Answer 42

Deindividuation and diffusion of responsibility

Question 43

The larger the group, the ____ likely that any one person will actively care.

Answer 43

Less