Final - Chapter 13 Flashcards
Consistency
The pressure we feel to behave in ways that align with our attitudes/beliefs, or to behave in ways we know others expect us to behave
Cognitive dissonance
Tension or discomfort that occurs when an individual’s attitudes and beliefs are not aligned
Self-perception theory
Inferring our attitudes or values based on what behavior we choose to perform
Foot-in-the-door technique
Obtaining a small commitment in order to achieve a larger request later
Door-in-the-face technique
Making a large, often irrational, request in order to make the smaller request that follows seem more reasonable
Conformity
The act of changing one’s opinions, behaviors, or atittudes to align with the norms or actions of a group
Authority
The ability to influence others
Stanley Milgram’s “obedience to shock” study
Tested how far people would go in obeying an authority figure, even if it meant harming another person.
Found that a high percentage of people were willing to seemingly harm others in compliance with authority.
Philip Zimbardo’s “Stanford prison study”
Studied the psychological effects of power and authority.
Found that situational factors can drastically influence people’s behavior in a very short time.
Psychological reactance
A tendency to fight outside influences we believe are attempting to undermine the authority we have over our own thoughts and behaviors
Scarcity
An attempt to influence people by conveying the notion that something is rare, valuable, or will not always be available
Group behavior
The actions, thoughts, and feelings of individuals when they are part of a group
Social facilitation
A performance boost as the result of the presence of other people
Social inhibition
A decrease in performance as a result of the presence of others
Social loafing
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone
Information processing
The cognitive process of analyzing and interpreting information to make decisions or take actions
Groupthink
The tendency for group members to agree resulting in conformity from individuals within that group who may hold a different view
Polarization
The tendency for group members to become more rigid in their views when faced with a countering view from other group members
Deindividuation
A loss of individual identity within a group of people, which can lead to a disconnection with personal values and uncharacteristic behavior
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Suggests that if people are blocked from reaching a goal, they become frustrated, which can ultimately result in aggressive behavior
Bystander effect
When a group of people are called to action, a diffusion of responsibility occurs and no one acts due to the belief that others will
Diffusion of responsibility
When individual responsibilities for a task within a group are unclear, and the success or failure of that group cannot be connected to the performance of any. particular person
List the five-person states.
- Self-efficacy
- Personal control
- Self-esteem
- Belongingness
- Optimism
We act ourselves into…
Consistent thinking
We think ourselves into…
Consistent acting
Cognitive dissonance occurs when…
Perceiving an inconsistency between behavior and an attitude, belief, or cognition
The reciprocity principle inspires…
Pay-it-forward behavior
We conform…
More often than we’d like to admit
Descriptive norms reflect ____, but…
Conformity; are not necessarily injunctive
We often follow authority….
Blindly and mindlessly
Complaince with authority is…
Not always undesirable behavior
Top-down authority can influence…
Countercontrol or psychological reactance
A perception of scarcity ____ perceived value.
Increases
The presence of others can…
Facilitate or impair performance
Social loafing and diffusion of responsibility occur when…
The behavior of individuals cannot be tracked
Groupthink reflects…
Conformity
Groupthink indicates…
A lack of psychological safety
Polarization increases when…
A viewpoint is challenged by another individual or group
Deindividuation occurs when…
One’s loyalty to a group stifles an individual’s identity and personal values
An emotional state of frustration can incite…
Aggressive behavior
The bystander effect is fueled by…
Deindividuation and diffusion of responsibility
The larger the group, the ____ likely that any one person will actively care.
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