Exam 3 - Chapter 8 Flashcards
Classical conditioning
The process by which neutral stimuli eventually cause an automatic response
Unconditioned response
The automatic, unlearned response triggered by an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
A learned response that is produced by a conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntart response
Conditioned stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that now triggers an involuntary learned response
Acquisition
The period of learning during which a conditioned response is developed
Extinction
When a CS weakens and eventually ceases because of the lack of an unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer
Spontaneous recovery
When a previously extinguished learned response suddenly returns in the presence of a conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Generalization
When a learned response occurs following a stimulus similar to the original CS
(Stimulus) Discrimination
When a learned response does not occur following a sufficiently different stimulus from the CS
Conditioned Taste Aversion
When getting sick paired with food/drink leads to nausea in the presence of that food/drink
Phobia
Fear
A conditioned taste aversion can be established…
Through a single “trial”
Operant conditioning
Voluntary behavior that can be controlled by consequences following its occurrence
Discriminative stimulus
A stimulus that indicates the availability of a reinforcer following a particular behavior
Positive reinforcement
When a behavior increases because it results in a desired consequence
Negative reinforcement
When behavior increases because it results in the elimination of an undesirable situation
Positive punishment
When a behavior decreases because it results in an undesirable consequence
Negative punishment
When behavior decreases because it results in the removal of a desired stimulus
Avoidance
Escape learning
Primary reinforcer
Reinforcers which are biologically-based or necessary fo survival
Secondary reinforcer
Reinforcers that have been reliably associated with primary reinforcers
Intrinsic consequence
Extrinisic consequence
List the four types of schedules of reinforcement.
Reinforcement
Reward
Punishment
Penalty
Differential reinforcement of incompatible or other behavior
(DRI or DRO)
What are some side effects of negative consequences?
The Premack principle states that…
Shaping
Shaping is used to modify behavior over…
A series of steps
Superstitious behavior
Classical conditioning
How do classical and operant conditioning overlap?
Observational learning
(bandura)
The “bobo doll” studies on aggression indicated that…
Latent learning
Classical/respondent conditioning is…
Passive
Operant/instrumental conditioning is…
Active
Little Albert demonstrated ____ and ____.
Conditioned fear and stimulus generalization
Common sense is ____ and may be ____.
Biased ; misleading
Training requires supportive and corrective…
Behavioral feedback
Education requires…
Cognition
Imagery can facilitate…
Learning and motivation
Motivation to achieve a positive consequence reflects…
Success-seeking
Motivation to avoid a negative consequence reflects…
Failure-avoiding
Perception reflects the interpretation of…
Sensation
Learning and behavior are influenced by…
Culture
