Exam 2 - Development

Question 1

“Nature vs. nurture” is a…

Answer 1

False dichotomy

Question 2

Behavior and personalities are always a combination of both…

Answer 2

Nature and nurture

Question 3

The terms “nature and nurture” originated with…

Answer 3

Richard Mulcaster

Question 4

Mulcaster defined “nature” as…

Answer 4

“Biological endowment”
(genetic inheritance)

Question 5

Mulcaster defined “nurture” as…

Answer 5

The environmental conditions in which an individual develops

Question 6

____ looked for the importance of one factor over another, beginning the “nature vs. nurture” debate.

Answer 6

Francis Galton

Question 7

Galton claimed that ____ dominated when explaining intellectual abilities.

Answer 7

Nature

Question 8

Galton was particularly interested in predicting and understanding…

Answer 8

Intelligence

Question 9

The combination of genetic and environmental influences on a trait is called…

Answer 9

Epigenetics

Question 10

____ studies the molecular mechanisms through which the environment can affect gene expression.

Answer 10

Epigenetics

Question 11

Chemical markers called the ____ determine how/to what extent genes are expressed.

Answer 11

Epigenome

Question 12

According to epigenetics, the development of a behavioral characteristic in an individual is always the product of…

Answer 12

Multiple causal factors

Question 13

____ is defined as “extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in activities”.

Answer 13

Depression

Question 14

List the two major types of depression.

Answer 14

Major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder

Question 15

Clinical depression is usually a form of…

Answer 15

Major depressive disorder

Question 16

List key characteristics of major depressive disorder.

(four)

Answer 16

1. Acute sadness and loss of interest for at least 2 weeks
2. Fairly rapid onset
3. More severe symptoms
4. Relatively temporary

Question 17

Persistent depressive disorder is also called…

Answer 17

Dysthymia

Question 18

List key characteristics of persistent depressive disorder.

(three)

Answer 18

1. Chronic, depressed mood for more days than not over 2+ years
2. Longer-lasting symptoms
3. Usually less severe symptoms

Question 19

List the three major explanations for the causes of depression.

Answer 19

1. Biological/genetic
2. Cognitive
3. Biopsychosocial

Question 20

Depression may have a genetic component because…

Answer 20

About half of people with depression have some family history of the disorder.

Question 21

The cognitive view of depression suggests that…

Answer 21

Someone who is depressed is thinking differently (more negatively) than someone who is not.

Question 22

The biopsychosocial explanation for depression suggests that…

Answer 22

Genetics, brain chemistry, and cognitions make some people more prone to depression than others.

Question 23

The diathesis-stress model suggests that…

Answer 23

Both a predisposition and a precipitating event is needed for a mental disorder to develop.

Question 24

List four symptoms commonly seen in people with schizophrenia.

Answer 24

1. Delusions
2. Disordered thinking
3. Inappropriate emotions
4. Small range of emotions

Question 25

List five things thought to contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

Answer 25

1. Genetic factors 2. Brain anatomy/neurotransmitters 3. Complications during pregnancy or birth 4. Childhood head injury 5. Stress

Question 26

Schizophrenia clearly has a strong genetic component, but...

Answer 26

The genetic factors are extremely complex.

Question 27

Which neurotransmitters are involved in schizophrenia?

Answer 27

1. Dopamine (for certain) 2. Glutamate (most likley)

Question 28

The brains of people with schizophrenia generally have larger...

Answer 28

Ventricles

Question 29

List three main issues in developmental research.

Answer 29

1. Nature and nurture 2. Stability and change 3. Gradual vs. "staged" development

Question 30

____'s approach to childhood development has been gaining popularity in recent years.

Answer 30

Lev Vgotsky

Question 31

List the four main components of Vgotsky's approach to development.

Answer 31

1. Very social 2. Culture and adult interaction are vital 3. Culture affects children's cognitive development 4. Language is an essential part of thinking by the age of 2

Question 32

Vgotsky emphasized that children learn by...

Answer 32

Talking and interacting with adults

Question 33

Vgotsky's approach states that speech should be...

Answer 33

Internalized over time

Question 34

List the three main things that characterize attachment.

Answer 34

1. Physical closeness 2. Separation anxiety 3. Clinging

Question 35

List the four categories of attachment observed in children.

Answer 35

1. Secure 2. Insecure-avoidant 3. Insecure-ambivalent (resistant) 4. Disoriented/disorganized

Question 36

How does an infant with a secure attachment style behave?

Answer 36

1. Briefly distressed when caregiver leaves, but continues to explore and play. 2. Excited to see caregiver return.

Question 37

How does an infant with an insecure-avoidant attachment style behave?

Answer 37

1. Is not distressed when caregiver leaves, and may interact with the environment. 2. Has minimal reaction to caregiver returning, and may move away.

Question 38

How does an infant with an insecure-ambivalent attachment style behave?

Answer 38

1. Becomes upset when caregiver leaves. 2. Becomes both angry and clingy when caregiver returns; remains irritable.

Question 39

There is some evidence in variance of attachment styles across...

Answer 39

Cultures

Question 40

Individualistic cultures tend to have a higher proportion of ____ infants.

Answer 40

Avoidant

Question 41

Collectivist cultures tend to have a higher proportion of ____ infants.

Answer 41

Ambivalent

Question 42

Early attachment relationships tend to predict...

Answer 42

Attachment in adult relationships

Question 43

For elementary schoolers, the primary source of support is usually...

Answer 43

Parents

Question 44

For middle and high schoolers, the primary source of support is usually...

Answer 44

A same-sex friend

Question 45

For college students, the primary source of support is usually...

Answer 45

A romantic partner, but parents also become more supportive

Question 46

Adolescents tend to engage in more ____ than other age groups.

Answer 46

Risk-taking behaviors

Question 47

List the four ways in which adolescents tend to think differently than adults.

Answer 47

1. Imaginary audience 2. Personal fable 3. Hypocrisy 4. Pseudostupidity

Question 48

Elkind described the differences in how adolescents think as...

Answer 48

"Adolescent egocentrism"