Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 1004 > Exam 2 - Development > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Development Flashcards

1
Q

“Nature vs. nurture” is a…

A

False dichotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Behavior and personalities are always a combination of both…

A

Nature and nurture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The terms “nature and nurture” originated with…

A

Richard Mulcaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mulcaster defined “nature” as…

A

“Biological endowment”
(genetic inheritance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mulcaster defined “nurture” as…

A

The environmental conditions in which an individual develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

____ looked for the importance of one factor over another, beginning the “nature vs. nurture” debate.

A

Francis Galton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Galton claimed that ____ dominated when explaining intellectual abilities.

A

Nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Galton was particularly interested in predicting and understanding…

A

Intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The combination of genetic and environmental influences on a trait is called…

A

Epigenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____ studies the molecular mechanisms through which the environment can affect gene expression.

A

Epigenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chemical markers called the ____ determine how/to what extent genes are expressed.

A

Epigenome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

According to epigenetics, the development of a behavioral characteristic in an individual is always the product of…

A

Multiple causal factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____ is defined as “extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in activities”.

A

Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the two major types of depression.

A

Major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Clinical depression is usually a form of…

A

Major depressive disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List key characteristics of major depressive disorder.

(four)

A
  1. Acute sadness and loss of interest for at least 2 weeks
  2. Fairly rapid onset
  3. More severe symptoms
  4. Relatively temporary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Persistent depressive disorder is also called…

A

Dysthymia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List key characteristics of persistent depressive disorder.

(three)

A
  1. Chronic, depressed mood for more days than not over 2+ years
  2. Longer-lasting symptoms
  3. Usually less severe symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List the three major explanations for the causes of depression.

A
  1. Biological/genetic
  2. Cognitive
  3. Biopsychosocial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Depression may have a genetic component because…

A

About half of people with depression have some family history of the disorder.

21
Q

The cognitive view of depression suggests that…

A

Someone who is depressed is thinking differently (more negatively) than someone who is not.

22
Q

The biopsychosocial explanation for depression suggests that…

A

Genetics, brain chemistry, and cognitions make some people more prone to depression than others.

23
Q

The diathesis-stress model suggests that…

A

Both a predisposition and a precipitating event is needed for a mental disorder to develop.

24
Q

List four symptoms commonly seen in people with schizophrenia.

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Disordered thinking
  3. Inappropriate emotions
  4. Small range of emotions
25
Q

List five things thought to contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

A
  1. Genetic factors
  2. Brain anatomy/neurotransmitters
  3. Complications during pregnancy or birth
  4. Childhood head injury
  5. Stress
26
Q

Schizophrenia clearly has a strong genetic component, but…

A

The genetic factors are extremely complex.

27
Q

Which neurotransmitters are involved in schizophrenia?

A
  1. Dopamine (for certain)
  2. Glutamate (most likley)
28
Q

The brains of people with schizophrenia generally have larger…

A

Ventricles

29
Q

List three main issues in developmental research.

A
  1. Nature and nurture
  2. Stability and change
  3. Gradual vs. “staged” development
30
Q

____’s approach to childhood development has been gaining popularity in recent years.

A

Lev Vgotsky

31
Q

List the four main components of Vgotsky’s approach to development.

A
  1. Very social
  2. Culture and adult interaction are vital
  3. Culture affects children’s cognitive development
  4. Language is an essential part of thinking by the age of 2
32
Q

Vgotsky emphasized that children learn by…

A

Talking and interacting with adults

33
Q

Vgotsky’s approach states that speech should be…

A

Internalized over time

34
Q

List the three main things that characterize attachment.

A
  1. Physical closeness
  2. Separation anxiety
  3. Clinging
35
Q

List the four categories of attachment observed in children.

A
  1. Secure
  2. Insecure-avoidant
  3. Insecure-ambivalent (resistant)
  4. Disoriented/disorganized
36
Q

How does an infant with a secure attachment style behave?

A
  1. Briefly distressed when caregiver leaves, but continues to explore and play.
  2. Excited to see caregiver return.
37
Q

How does an infant with an insecure-avoidant attachment style behave?

A
  1. Is not distressed when caregiver leaves, and may interact with the environment.
  2. Has minimal reaction to caregiver returning, and may move away.
38
Q

How does an infant with an insecure-ambivalent attachment style behave?

A
  1. Becomes upset when caregiver leaves.
  2. Becomes both angry and clingy when caregiver returns; remains irritable.
39
Q

There is some evidence in variance of attachment styles across…

A

Cultures

40
Q

Individualistic cultures tend to have a higher proportion of ____ infants.

A

Avoidant

41
Q

Collectivist cultures tend to have a higher proportion of ____ infants.

A

Ambivalent

42
Q

Early attachment relationships tend to predict…

A

Attachment in adult relationships

43
Q

For elementary schoolers, the primary source of support is usually…

A

Parents

44
Q

For middle and high schoolers, the primary source of support is usually…

A

A same-sex friend

45
Q

For college students, the primary source of support is usually…

A

A romantic partner, but parents also become more supportive

46
Q

Adolescents tend to engage in more ____ than other age groups.

A

Risk-taking behaviors

47
Q

List the four ways in which adolescents tend to think differently than adults.

A
  1. Imaginary audience
  2. Personal fable
  3. Hypocrisy
  4. Pseudostupidity
48
Q

Elkind described the differences in how adolescents think as…

A

“Adolescent egocentrism”

PSYC 1004 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions