Final: Chapter 15- Host Immunity Part 2 Flashcards
What are the 2 characterizing features of the 3rd line of immunity?
Specificity and memory
What types of cells (2) make up the 3rd line of immunity?
B and T lymphocytes
What is an antigen and an epitope?
Antigen= molecules that stimulate a response by B and T lymphocytes (any foreign substance in the body)
Epitope= a specific region of an epitope
What are the functions of memory cells?
They make clones of any lymphocyte responding to antigens. If the memory cells encounter the same antigen later they respond by producing more clones to eliminate the source of the antigen.
What is clonal deletion and how does this relate to autoimmune disease?
Clonal deletion is a process that reduces the occurrence of “self” targeting lymphocytes. Autoimmune disease is when this process fails and the body attacks itself with its own immune cells.
What are the 4 primary functions of antibodies and what is occurring with each?
Opsonization= antibodies coat the surface of microbes and signal the, for removal by pathogens
Agglutination= antibodies cross-link cell or particles into clumps, or aggregates
Neutralization= antibodies block attachment sites on microbes
Lysis= induce perforation of bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death
What role do T helper cells and Cytotoxic T cells play in immune response?
T helper cells activate other cells around them including B cells, macrophages, Cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells destroy compromised host cells
Know the five types of immunoglobulin and the characteristics of each.
1) immunoglobulin G= main antibody and crosses the placenta
2) immunoglobulin A= monomer and Dimer form, important in mucosal defenses
3) immunoglobulin M= pentamer, great for agglutination, first made during an infection
4) immunoglobulin E= plays a role in allergic reactions, plays a role in attacks against parasitic worms
5) immunoglobulin D= surface of B cells, acts as a receptor
How is secondary (anamnestic) different from the primary response?
Secondary response only occurs after the second exposure to an antigen and there is no latent period like in the primary response.
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity occurs when an individual’s B and T lymphocytes are stimulated
Passive immunity occurs when an individual receives immune substances that were produced actively in the body of another human or animal donor.
No T or B cells are activated in passive immunity
What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity?
Natural= includes any immunity that is acquired during the normal biological experiences Artificial= immune protection acquired or stimulated from medical procedures
