Final: Chapter 13- Microbe/human Interactions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the approximate ratio (current) of microbes to human cells in and on the human body?

A

1:1 ratio

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2
Q

What are normal biota?

A

Bacteria that are normally found on the human body

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3
Q

What is microbial antagonism and what are the two general mechanisms of microbial antagonism?

A

Microbial antagonism refers to the inhibitory effect that normal biota have on other “invading” microbes.

Mechanisms= blocking body sites that could be established by “invaders”, and releasing chemicals that are harmful to invading microbes

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4
Q

What is the difference between and opportunistic and primary (truth) pathogen?

A

Opportunistic= cause disease when the host’s immune system is compromised

Primary (true)= capable of causing disease in healthy people with normal immune functions

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5
Q

What is microbial virulence and how is it determined (2 things)?

A

Microbial virulence is the degree of pathogenicity an organism exhibits

Determined by: the ability to establish in the host, and the ability to cause damage to the host

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6
Q

What are portals of entry?

A

Routes of entry in the human body. Include the skin and mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract.

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7
Q

What does the term infectious dose indicate about a microbes?

A

And infectious dose is the number of microbes needed to cause infection. Microbes with a SMALL infectious dose are MORE virulent. Microbes with a LARGE infectious dose are LESS virulent.

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8
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect damage, resulting from pathogens?

A

Indirect damage happens when the immune system tries to damage a pathogen, but in the process causes harm or discomfort to the host. While direct damage directly affects the pathogens it is trying to destroy.

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9
Q

What are the 4 stages of infection?

A

Localized infection= microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
Systemic infection= microbe spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream
Focal infection= microbes break loose from a local infection and it carried into other nearby tissues
Toxemia= infection remains localized at portal of entry, but toxins produced by pathogen are carried to the target organ

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10
Q

What is the difference between a mechanical vector and a biological vector?

A

Mechanical vector= not a necessary component of a pathogen’s life cycle, but they may transfer the pathogen without being infected

Biological vector= actively participate in the life cycle of the pathogen they transmit and are usually necessary for the pathogen to complete its life cycle

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11
Q

What are zoonotic pathogens?

A

Pathogens that are harbored or vectored by animals and are transmissible to humans

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