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Microbiology: Lecture > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genetics and what does it study?

A

Genetics is the study of the inheritance, or heredity, of living things

1) the transmission of biological properties from parent to offspring
2) the expression and variation of traits
3) the structure and function of genetic material
4) the change of genetic material

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2
Q

What is an organisms genome?

A

The sum total of the genetic material of an organism

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3
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Discrete cellular structures composed of neatly packaged DNA molecule

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4
Q

How is a gene described in both classical and molecular/biochemical terms?

A

Classical- the fundamental unit of hereditary responsible for a given trait in an organism (part of DNA that gives you a physical trait)

Molecular/ biochemical- site on the chromosome that provides info for a certain cell function

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5
Q

Genes fall into what 3 basic categories?

A

1) structural genes
2) RNA genes
3) regulatory genes

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6
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype- genetic makeup of a gene or genome

Phenotype- physical expression of a gene

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7
Q

What are the basic units of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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8
Q

How are nucleotides (what type of bond) to one another within each strand?

A

Covalent phosphate bonds

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9
Q

How are the two opposite strands of DNA connected (what type of bond)?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

What are the 3 major types of RNA?

A

1) Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
3) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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11
Q

What is transcription?

A

Conversion of DNA to RNA (specifically mRNA)

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12
Q

What type of RNA is created during transcription?

A

mRNA

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13
Q

What is translation?

A

The conversion of mRNA to protein

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14
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

To convert DNA to RNA

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15
Q

What are triplets and codons?

A

Triplets- segments of 3 DNA nucleotides that encode for a single amino acid

Codons- when triplets are converted when DNA is converted to RNA during transcription

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16
Q

What do triplets and codons code for?

A

Triplets code for single amino acids

When triplets codes of a DNA molecule are transcribed and translated it dictates the type and order of amino acids in the primary protein structure

17
Q

What is mutation?

A

Any permanent change in nucleotide sequence of an organism’s genome, a viral genome, extrachromosomal genetic elements

18
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical mutagens discussed?

A

Acridine dyes and nucleotide analogs

19
Q

What are the common sources of physical mutagens?

A

X-rays, gamma rays, and UV light rays

20
Q

What are the 3 types of point mutation?

A

1) additive- the insertion of an extra nucleotide
2) deletion- the removal of a nucleotide
3) substitution- a change from one nucleotide to another

21
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Any mutation in a nucleotide sequence that leads to placement of a different amino acid in the primary protein sequence

22
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Involves the alteration of a nucleotide base but doesn’t lead to a change in the amino acid sequence

23
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Changes a normal codon into a step codon and stole the production of the protein wherever it occurs in the sequence, often leading to incomplete and non-functional proteins

24
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Occurs when a base pair is inserted or deleted/ shifts the “reading frame” and changes every amino acid that occurs after the shift

25
Q

What are the potential outcomes of a mutation? Are they always harmful?

A

They could result in cell death or inhibition, have no effect, or induce favorable changes

That are not always harmful

26
Q

What events lead to “industrial melanism,” and what effect did this have on the Peppered Moth populations in the immediate area?

A

Darkening pigments overtime due to pollution

Peppered Moths that were darker could blend in easier with melanized trees

27
Q

In general, what happens when bacteria experience a recombination event?

A

Bacteria donates DNA to another bacterium

28
Q

What is a recombinant organism?

A

Any organism that contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism

29
Q

What is the difference between horizontal gene transfer and vertical gene transfer?

A

Vertical= parent to offspring

Horizontal= one organism to another

30
Q

What is conjugation

A

Requires the attachment of 2 related species and the formation of a bridge that can transport DNA

31
Q

What is transformation?

A

Involves the transfer of “naked DNA” free floating DNA from dead cells

32
Q

What is transduction?

A

DNA transfer mediated through the action of a bacterial virus

Microbiology: Lecture (25 decks)

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