Chapter 10 Part 2 Flashcards
How is recombinant technology able to work?
Genes do not have the “self vs. non-self” characteristics that the cells that contain them have. This allows genetic engineers to remove genes from one organism and insert them into another.
What are the “products” often created through genetic recombination?
Genetically modified organisms
What are GMOs?
Mutation as miniature proteins producing factories and produce/RNA products
What are the types of GMOs created through recombinant DNA technology?
1) microbes (bacteria & fungi)
2) plants
3) animals
How does recombination work in bacteria.
Plasmids are isolated in vitro and modified by cutting them open and adding new genes from another organism.
Modified plasmids can then be placed back into the bacteria
What type of DNA (transferable) is used in this process?
Plasmids
Where was insulin originally derived prior to recombination technology?
Animals such as pigs and cows
What were the draw backs associated with the form of insulin taken from cows and pigs?
Hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions and a limited supply of insulin from animals
What type of bacteria was used to create insulin (starting in the 1970s) using recombinant DNA technology?
E. coli because it is bacteria with the human insulin gene
What are the basic steps to produce insulin in bacteria?
1) human insulin gene is isolated
2) bacterial plasmid is removed from a bacterial cell
3) restriction endonuclease cutes the DNA plasmid open leaving sticky ends
4) insulin is added to the DNA plasmid
5) DNA ligase enzyme joins the human insulin to the plasmid
6) bacteria begin to divide
7) bacteria begin to transcribe and translate insulin gene, producing human insulin
8) insulin is extracted from the bacterial culture and purified
How does DNA recombination work in plants?
1) gene of interest is isolated
2) plasmid is extracted from bacteria
3) plasmid is cut with restriction endonucleases
4) isolated gene of interest is added to plasmid
5) ligases join isolated gene to plasmid
6) plasmid is inserted back into bacteria
7) bacteria will insert plasmid into chromosomes of selected plant cells
How does DNA recombination work in animals?
1) gene of interest is isolated
2) mouse zygote is isolated
3) gene of interest is injected into mouse zygote
4) modified zygote is transferred into a surrogate mother
What type of bacteria produces infections in plants?
Agrobacterium
What are infectious plasmids called?
Ti plasmids
What is the purpose of infectious plasmids in nature?
They insert genes into genomes to make plants produce growth factors for the bacteria
