Chapter 7&8- Metabolism And Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are proteins significant to the cells?

A

They are workers or tools and activities take place because of them

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2
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

What determines the properties of a protein?

A

Exact type, quantity, and sequence of amino acids

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4
Q

What determines a protein’s function?

A

The form of the protein

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Any chemical or physical reaction

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6
Q

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

A

Anabolism= binds and synthesizes

Catabolism= breaks it down

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7
Q

Why are enzymes considered biological catalysts?

A

They speed up biological reactions

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8
Q

What is an enzyme substrate?

A

A substance that attaches itself to an enzyme’s active site

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9
Q

What is an enzyme’s active site?

A

Groove-like pocket that interacts with the substrate

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10
Q

How does the “lock and key” analogy work?

A

The shape of the substrate must fit into the active site.

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11
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Organic molecule or metal ions

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12
Q

Why do we require vitamins in our diet?

A

Our bodies enzymes need them to function

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13
Q

What is the function of an enzyme regulatory site?

A

Interact and bind with regulatory molecules that turn the active site on or off

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14
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A pathway that hands a multi-series step. Each step is catalyzed by an enzyme.

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15
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

They set the rate of a pathway’s progression

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16
Q

What are the three primary types of metabolic pathways?

A

Linear
Cyclic
Branched

17
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

When the cell supplies a molecule that resembles that enzyme’s normal substrate, which then occupies and blocks the enzyme’s active site

18
Q

What is non competitive inhibition?

A

The enzyme has two binding sites- the active site and the regulatory site; a regulator molecule binds to the regulatory site providing a negative feedback

19
Q

What is denaturation

A

The loss of shape and function of proteins and nucleic acids

20
Q

What are common environment factors that lead to denaturation?

A

Heat
Cold
Acids and bases
Other molecules

21
Q

What happens to enzymes that are either too high or too low?

A

Too low and they are too sluggish

Too high and they denature

22
Q

What are psychrophiles, mesophiles,and thermophiles?

A

Pychro= organisms whose optimum growth temperature occurs below 60 degrees and are capable of growth at 32 degrees

Meso= organism that grows at temps with optimum growth temp generally between 68-113degrees

Thermo= organism that grows optimally at temps above 113 degrees

23
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of acids or bases

24
Q

How does pH potentially affect an enzyme?

A

Acids and bases can damage enzymes by disrupting their 3D shape and function

25
Q

What pH ranges are considered acidic, neutral, and alkaline?

A

0-7= acidic

7= neutral

7-14= alkaline

26
Q

How do enzymes play a part in pathogen’s virulency

A

Pathogens produce enzymes which have specificity for various host tissues and cells

27
Q

How is a pathogen generally different from a saprobe?

A

Whether or not they produce enzymes capable of harming a living host organism

28
Q

How do microbes digest their substrate?

A

Harmlessly release extra cellular enzymes into their environment

29
Q

What benefit does decomposition have on plants and algae?

A

The organic fertilizer that was made from decomposition is now being used by plants and algae