Final: Chapter 14- Host Immunity Part 1

Question 1

What are the three levels of the hot defense system? Know the basics of what occurs at each level.

Answer 1

1st level is barriers
2nd line of defense is innate immunity which occurs through phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial proteins
3rd line of defense is specific immunity

Question 2

What are the 4 types of innate immune responses?

Answer 2

1) phagocytosis
2) inflammation
3) fever
4) antimicrobial proteins

Question 3

Why are macrophages considered antigen presenting cells?

Answer 3

They phagocytosize pathogens and display their antigens on their surface

Question 4

What are the 3 types of specialized macrophages and where would each be found in its respected location in the body?

Answer 4

Alveolar = lungs
Kupffer= liver
Dendritic= skin

Question 5

What are the 3 general activities of phagocytes?

Answer 5

1) chemotaxis and indigestion
2) phagolysosome formation
3) destruction and excretion

Question 6

Generally speaking, how does the body distinguish “self vs no self”?

Answer 6

Cell surface markers

Question 7

In general, what is an inflammatory response?

Answer 7

A reaction to any traumatic event in the tissue

Question 8

What are the primary functions of inflammation?

Answer 8

1) mobilize and attract immune components to the site of the injury
2) set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localized and clear away harmful substances
3) destroy microbes and block their further invasion

Question 9

What are vasoactive mediators and chemotactic factors?

Answer 9

Vasoactive mediators affect the blood vessels

Chemotactic factors affect WBCs

Question 10

What do the terms diapedesis and chemotaxis mean?

Answer 10

Diapedesis= process by which WBCs adhere to inner walls of smaller blood vessels and migrate out of the vessels into the tissue spaces

Chemotaxis= tendency of cells to migrate in response to a specific chemical stimulus given off at a site of injury infection

Question 11

What is a pyrogen? How are endogenous pyrogens different from exogenous pyrogens and what component of gram-negative bacteria can serve as an exogenous pyrogen?

Answer 11

Pyrogens are fever inducing molecules.
Exogenous originate outside the body.
Endogenous originate inside the body.
The component that causes them is endotoxin

Question 12

What are the 3 general benefits of fever?

Answer 12

1) inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms
2) impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron
3) increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and naturally protective physiological processes