Chapter 10 Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The manipulation of DNA & RNA

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2
Q

What types of manipulations of DNA&RNA can occur?

A

1) analyzing DNA/RNA to understand it better
2) altering DNA/RNA to make it work better
3) Taking DNA/RNA from one organism and inserting it into another

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3
Q

How has genetic manipulation changed in reference to “traditional” methods vs. new modern techniques?

A

Traditionally they manipulate through selective breeding. Modern does the same things, but with more precision and control

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4
Q

What happens to DNA when it is heated to approximately 94° C?

A

DNA automatically unwinds

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5
Q

What happens when the temperature in DNA is lowered?

A

Lowering the temperature causes the 2 strands to bind back together

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6
Q

What are restriction endonucleases?

A

A set of enzymes which make cuts in stands DNA

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7
Q

Where are endonucleases?

A

They were isolated from bacteria and archaea

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8
Q

What are the functions of ligases?

A

Enzymes that seal the sticky ends produced by restriction endonucleases.

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9
Q

What does the enzyme reverse transcriptase do?

A

1) convert RNA into DNA

2) creates complementary DNA (cDNA)

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10
Q

What is the charge of DNA and how is this used in the process of Gel Electrophoresis?

A

Negative charge due to phosphate groups

Applying a positive charge causes DNA to move through gel based on attraction of opposite charges.

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11
Q

Would small or large DNA molecules travel farthest from the starting point?

A

The small ones because they move through the gel faster

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12
Q

What is gene probe?

A

A short stretch of known sequence that will base-pair with complementary sequences used to “search” for matching sequences in unknown DNA samples.

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13
Q

How can gene probes used in medical diagnostics?

A

Used to analyze a person’s DNA for genetic diseases like breast cancer.

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14
Q

What is Fluorescent in situ hybridization?

A

Technique that applies gene probes to intact cells. They can also be used to identify unknown bacteria living in natural habitats without having to culture them.

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15
Q

What is PCR?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

It is used to amplify DNA or make copies of DNA sequences

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16
Q

Why are primers significant in this process?

A

They serve as landmarks of docking points to indicate where DNA amplification will begin

17
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

Technology that removes genetic material from one organism and combine it with that of a different organism

18
Q

What is gel electrophoresis?

A

It’s kind of like an electronic current that DNA can travel through and be separated in

19
Q

How are DNA separated?

A

Based on size

20
Q

What contribution did thermophillic bacteria contribute to the PCR process?

A

The enzymes isolated from the thermophillic bacteria speed up the process and they can remain active during high temperatures

21
Q

How is each type of restriction endonuclease unique?

A

There is an enzyme for every type of genetic engineering process.

22
Q

How are “sticky ends” different from “blunt ends”?

A

With the help of ligases they also DNA to be put back together