Exam 2

Question 1

What are the building blocks of proteins? What determines the function of a protein? What roles to proteins play within a cell (name 3)?

Answer 1

The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. Function is determined by 3D shape. 1) they aid in the activities of the cells 2) build things up 3) break things down

Question 2

Describe the difference between an anabolic and catabolic enzyme.

Answer 2

Anabolic enzyme= build molecular structures

Catabolic enzyme= breaks down a substrate into smaller molecules

Question 3

Describe the interaction between an enzyme into its substrate

Answer 3

A specific type of substrate fits into the same shaped groove in the enzyme called the active site.

Question 4

What is the difference between competitive and non competitive inhibition?

Answer 4

Competitive= when a molecule that is shaped like the substrate fits into the active site and block it

No competitive= regulatory molecule bonds to the regulatory site and turns off the active site.

Question 5

Describe what happens when an enzyme is denatured as well s the environmental factors that lead to denaturation

Answer 5

Denaturation involve the enzyme losing its shape and function. The environmental factors are heat, acids & bases, and other molecules.

Question 6

Which of the following are true?
A) Activities in cells take place due to proteins
B) proteins are made up of amino acids
C) there are 20 amino acids
D) all of the above

Answer 6

D

Question 7

What best describes metabolism?

Answer 7

All of the chemical reactions and physical working of the cell

Question 8

What is an enzyme’s substrate?

Answer 8

A molecule that the enzyme interacts with at the active site

Question 9

What describes the role of vitamins in our diet?

Answer 9

Cofactors

Question 10

What type of organism would be found at relatively cold temps?

Answer 10

Psychrophil

Question 11

Decomposers provide direct benefits to what types of organisms?

Answer 11

Plants and algae

Question 12

Describe the function of an enzyme’s regulatory site

Answer 12

To allow regulatory molecules to enter them. Once a regulatory molecule is in the regulatory site it turns the active site on or off.

Question 13

Discussing enzymes, describe how a pathogen is generally different from a saprobe.

Answer 13

Pathogens release enzymes that will harm other molecules. Whereas saprobes release harmless enzymes

Question 14

What is the current ratio of microbes to human cells close to?

Answer 14

1:1

Question 15

Which of the following is not true?
A) a primary pathogen is always capable of causing more harm to a host than an opportunistic pathogen
B) an opportunistic pathogens is always capable of causing more harm to a host than a primary pathogen
C) a primary pathogen is always capable of establishing in a host, compared to a primary pathogen
D) an opportunistic pathogen is always more capable of establishing in a host, compared to a primary pathogen

Answer 15

C

Question 16

What bacterial enzyme is capable of digesting protective mucous coatings, found in mucous membranes.

Answer 16

Mucinase

Question 17

According to the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) the normal _______ from person to person and from location to location

Answer 17

Varies significantly

Question 18

The term holobiont describes what?

Answer 18

The combination of human body cells and resident microbiota within the human body.

Question 19

_________ refers to the inhibitory effect that normal biota have on other “invading” microbes.

Answer 19

Microbial antagonism

Question 20

Which of the following are known types of microbiota established within the human body?
A) viruses
B)Protozoa
C) fungi
D) all of the above

Answer 20

D) all of the above

Question 21

Some microbes are capable of causing indirect damage to a host by means of what?

Answer 21

Inducing an excessive inflammatory response

Question 22

What type of vector is not a part of the life cycle of a pathogen, they merely transport the pathogen from one location to another?

Answer 22

Mechanical vectors

Question 23

After initial symptoms some infectious agents retreat into a dormant state called what?

Answer 23

Latency

Question 24

Exposure to microbes within the first few day of birth appears to play a significant role in the what?

Answer 24

development of the immune system

Question 25

Microbes with a ______ infectious dose are usually less virulent than microbes with a _____ infectious dose.

Answer 25

High; low

Question 26

Briefly describe at least 2 of the discussed results from the HMP.

Answer 26

The human microbiome project has found that all healthy people have low doses of harmful pathogens, there are microbes in places in the body that were thought to be sterile.

Question 27

Microbes must do what three things in order to establish within a host?

Answer 27

Microbes must enter, attach, and survive the host’s immune system