Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the building blocks of proteins? What determines the function of a protein? What roles to proteins play within a cell (name 3)?
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. Function is determined by 3D shape. 1) they aid in the activities of the cells 2) build things up 3) break things down
Describe the difference between an anabolic and catabolic enzyme.
Anabolic enzyme= build molecular structures
Catabolic enzyme= breaks down a substrate into smaller molecules
Describe the interaction between an enzyme into its substrate
A specific type of substrate fits into the same shaped groove in the enzyme called the active site.
What is the difference between competitive and non competitive inhibition?
Competitive= when a molecule that is shaped like the substrate fits into the active site and block it
No competitive= regulatory molecule bonds to the regulatory site and turns off the active site.
Describe what happens when an enzyme is denatured as well s the environmental factors that lead to denaturation
Denaturation involve the enzyme losing its shape and function. The environmental factors are heat, acids & bases, and other molecules.
Which of the following are true? A) Activities in cells take place due to proteins B) proteins are made up of amino acids C) there are 20 amino acids D) all of the above
D
What best describes metabolism?
All of the chemical reactions and physical working of the cell
What is an enzyme’s substrate?
A molecule that the enzyme interacts with at the active site
What describes the role of vitamins in our diet?
Cofactors
What type of organism would be found at relatively cold temps?
Psychrophil
Decomposers provide direct benefits to what types of organisms?
Plants and algae
Describe the function of an enzyme’s regulatory site
To allow regulatory molecules to enter them. Once a regulatory molecule is in the regulatory site it turns the active site on or off.
Discussing enzymes, describe how a pathogen is generally different from a saprobe.
Pathogens release enzymes that will harm other molecules. Whereas saprobes release harmless enzymes
What is the current ratio of microbes to human cells close to?
1:1
Which of the following is not true?
A) a primary pathogen is always capable of causing more harm to a host than an opportunistic pathogen
B) an opportunistic pathogens is always capable of causing more harm to a host than a primary pathogen
C) a primary pathogen is always capable of establishing in a host, compared to a primary pathogen
D) an opportunistic pathogen is always more capable of establishing in a host, compared to a primary pathogen
C
What bacterial enzyme is capable of digesting protective mucous coatings, found in mucous membranes.
Mucinase
According to the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) the normal _______ from person to person and from location to location
Varies significantly
The term holobiont describes what?
The combination of human body cells and resident microbiota within the human body.
_________ refers to the inhibitory effect that normal biota have on other “invading” microbes.
Microbial antagonism
Which of the following are known types of microbiota established within the human body? A) viruses B)Protozoa C) fungi D) all of the above
D) all of the above
Some microbes are capable of causing indirect damage to a host by means of what?
Inducing an excessive inflammatory response
What type of vector is not a part of the life cycle of a pathogen, they merely transport the pathogen from one location to another?
Mechanical vectors
After initial symptoms some infectious agents retreat into a dormant state called what?
Latency
Exposure to microbes within the first few day of birth appears to play a significant role in the what?
development of the immune system
Microbes with a ______ infectious dose are usually less virulent than microbes with a _____ infectious dose.
High; low
Briefly describe at least 2 of the discussed results from the HMP.
The human microbiome project has found that all healthy people have low doses of harmful pathogens, there are microbes in places in the body that were thought to be sterile.
Microbes must do what three things in order to establish within a host?
Microbes must enter, attach, and survive the host’s immune system
