Final chap 4 Flashcards
What is the main characteristic of the period of the zygote?
Rapid cell division
What is the hollow ball of cells called in the period of the zygote?
The blastocyst
What is it called when a fertilized egg implants in the fallopian tube?
An ectopic pregnancy
When does the period of the zygote end?
Implantation in the uterine wall
What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
Monozygotic - one egg divides into 2, very little genetic variation
Dizygotic - two eggs are released, separate DNA
What weeks of pregnancy are labelled the period of the embryo?
2-8
What developmental stage of pregnancy contains the development of the major organ systems and body?
The period of the embryo
What principles of development are followed during the period of the embryo?
The cephalocaudal (head to tail) and proximodistal (middle to outside) principles
What is the last period of pregnancy?
The period of the fetus
What is the defining characteristic of the period of the fetus?
Refinements/growth
How long is a pregnancy where it is considered full-term?
38-42 weeks
When are teratogens most potent?
The period of the embryo
What is the developmental disorder associated with alcohol consumption while pregnant?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
What are the correlated effects of alcohol on children?
Internal organ damage, altered physical characteristics, and cognitive impairments + sleeper effects (later onset)
What morning sickness medicine was identified as the first teratogen? What health outcomes were associated with the children who were exposed to it?
Thalidomide - limb malformation
What mosquito virus is a teratogen that was associated with microencephaly?
Zika virus
Why is Zika virus now thought to be less associated with microcephaly specifically?
It is part of a lot of developmental abnormalities with restricted utero growth and brain development
What is the state of studies of COVID-19 infections as teratogenic?
There was a small study was done that identified babies delivered only as C-section as not having any COVID in their systems.
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of development, and which one is not considered a part of childhood?
The Sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational stages are seen in childhood, and the formal operational period is seen in adolesence
Is Paget’s model continuous or discontinuous?
DIscontinuous
What are the age ranges of the Piagetian stages?
Sensorimotor - 0-2
Preoperational - 2-7
Concrete operational - 7-11
Formal Operational - 12+
What are the 6 stages of Piagetian sensorimotor development?
1- Reflexes - 0-1m
2 - primary circular reactions 1-4m
3. Secondary circular reactions 4-8m
4. Object permanence 8-12m
5. Tertiary circular reactions - science experiments 12-18m
6. Mental representation 18-24m
What is the difference between a primary and a secondary circular reflex?
Primary - Repeated actions on babies own bodies, secondary is on other objects
What do children begin to develop in the preoperational period?
The symbolic thinking
What are the two substages of the preoperational stage?
Preconceptual thinking and intuitive thinking
What are the three things that children struggle with in the preoperational phase?
Animism and egocentrism and conservation
What psychological test is associated with egocentrism?
The 3 mountains task
What types of conservation are there?
Number, liquid volume, mass
What are the three conservation transformative principles that children learn in the concrete operational period?
- Identity
- Compensation
- Inversion (reversibility)
What was Lorenz study on attachment?
He found that goslings would imprint, a biological predisposition
What was Harlow’s study on attachment?
Wire Mother experiment for warmth and comfort
What was the Ainsworth experiment that tested attachment to primary caregivers?
The strange situation paradigm
Who was the first psychologist to theorize about mammalian infant bonds as a means of survival?
Bowlby
What are the 4 categories of attachment? What are the strange situation responses to classify the children?
- Secure - attachment (distress on detachment, but happy when reattached)
- Insecure - Resistant (major distress on detachment)
- Insecure - Avoidant (minimal distress on detachment)
- Disorganized attachment (other)
What is the defining feature of formal operational periods?
Complex and hypothetical reasoning
Where does the brain develop in adolescence? What kind of functions are associated with this brain part?
The frontal lobe - executive function (planning, controlling impulse, complex decisions)
What biological brain changes are seen during adolesence?
Neural pruning of synapses, myelination of neurons, and there are higher concentrations of dopamine
What is the term for social norms that mention key times for life events?
The social clock
What are the 4 types of adult attachment?
- Secure/autonomous
- Anxious/preoccupied
- Avoidant/dismissive
- Other
What adult attachment types match with infant ones?
Anxious - insecure/resistant
Avoidant - avoidant attachment
What are the trends of marriage and happiness in adults?
Unmarried people are happier than people in unhappy marriages, happy marriages have increased health rates, cohabitation is less likely to report very happy than married
What is bereavement?
Loss of a loved one
What type of familial loss is most associated with depression?
Loss of a spouse
Who’s cognitive development theory tracks development from life to death?
Erickson
What are the 8 Erikson stages of life?
Trust vs mistrust: 0-2 yrs
Autonomy vs Shame/doubt: 2-4 yrs
Initiative vs. Guilt: 4-5yrs
Industry vs inferiority: 5-12 yrs
Identity vs isolation: 13-19
Intimacy vs isolation: 20-39
Generativity vs stagnation: 40-64
Ego integrity vs despair: 65+
What are the types of developmental research methods?
Longitudinal and cross sectional
