Lecture 2. development 2 Flashcards
What are the 4 stages of Piagetian Development with ages?
- Sensorimotor (0-2)
- Preoperational Thought (2-7)
- Concrete operational thought (7-11)
- Formal Operational (11/12)
What are two flaws with Piaget?
- It is not lifelong
- He underestimates children
What is a schema?
It is a framework that allow us to organize understanding
What are the two processes of schemas and what are they?
Assimilation is taking new information and fitting it into the scheme, and accommodation is changing a scheme to fit new information/environment
What are the 3 big proponents of the sensorimotor period?
- Reflexive behaviour
- Circular reactions
- Object Permanence develops
What is reflexive behaviour?
Goal directed, simple symbolic thought
What is a circular reaction?
It is a body centered and object centered experimental action
How many substages of development are in the sensorimotor period?
Six (this is high due to rapid development in this stage)
What is the A not B task and what does it test?
It is hiding an object in a different location in plain sight and asking a baby where it is, and it tests object permanence
What types of mental representation symbolic activity is present in preoperational children?
There is symbolic activity (language, deferred imitation, make believe play)
What do preoperational children struggle with in mental representation
children struggle with centration, being fooled by appearances (conservation), and they are egocentric
What test is used to test egocentrism?
The three mountains task
What do concrete operational children struggle with?
Abstract reasoning and theoretical thought
What is transitive inference and what developmental stage is it associated with?
It is if A is bigger than B and B is bigger than C, A is bigger than C. This operation is done by concrete operational children.
What is the big developmental step in the formal operational period?
Hypothetical/imaginary thought
What are three contributions of Piaget?
- Children are knowledge seekers/experimenters
- Development is sequential
- Errors provide clues about thinking
Wat are three problems that Piaget’s theories describe?
- He underestimates children
- Development is more continuous than stage like
- There is little consideration of social impacts
What are the three levels of moral thinking? Who developed this?
Preconventional Morality
Conventional Morality
Postconventional Morality
Kohlberg came up with this
What are the focuses of Kohlberg’s stages of moral thinking?
Preconventional morality - protecting themselves, justification on rules and punishment/rewards
Conventional Morality - Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval and maintain order
Postconventional Morality - Beliefs in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
What three pieces of evidence do we have for high attachment in babies?
They respond to mom’s voice more in utero, they prefer mom’s language after birth, and they get upset with still face behaviour of the mom
How does imprinting work with birds? Who did this research?
It is the first large moving thing they see, research done by Konrad Lorenz
What work did Harry Harlow do?
He did the wire mother monkey experiment on attachment
What test is done to test children attachment? What are the outcomes?
It is the strange situation experiment, kids could be secure-attachment, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, or insecure-disorganized
Who ran the attachment study?
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
What is the latest part of the brain to mature?
The Frontal and then Prefrontal Cortex
What are the three physiological changes in adolescence?
Puberty
Late maturation of frontal;/prefrontal cortex
Specialization and pruning of synapses
In adolescence, what is the shift in people around them?
Time spent with peers goes up compared to parents
What people impact adolescent identity? What parts of identity do they effect?
Parents: Education, discipline, responsibility, authority
Peers: Learning cooperation, popularity, styles of peer interaction
What does a good parental relationship in adolescence correlate with?
Good health and success
What is adolescent egocentrism?
It is the feeling that the world revolves around the individual
What are the discussed tendencies (2) that leads to adolescent egocentrism?
The Imaginary audience (everyone is watching)
Personal Fable (I am unique)
What new developmental stage is between 18-20 and involves taking adult responsibilities to some extent? What culture pattern is there in this?
Emerging adulthood is increasing in length throughout Western culture
What cognitive themes are associated with adulthood discussed in the textbook?
20/30s: Peak time for learning/memory
Middle adulthood: Declining recall (maintenance of recognition)
Late adulthood: expertise peaks
What is the difference between recall and recognition memory?
Recall: Completely remember something from scratch
Recognition: If something is seen in front of you, can you recognize it
What is Alzheimer’s and what does it lead to?
Deterioration of neural plaques (synapses) leads to brain atrophy/shrinkage
What is the order of progression of Alzheimer’s disease?
Memory deterioration -> Reasoning deterioration -> Unable to perform self-care
What part of the brain is targeted by Alzheimer’s? What is it responsible for?
The hippocampus is responsible for the formation of new memories
What two social themes of adulthood?
Transitions and commitments (relationships/parenting/career)
When is emotional well being generally trending towards more positive feelings and fewer negative emotions?
As people get older
What is the discussed predictor of happiness across all ages?
If people are living alone
What research methods in development are discussed in this class?
- High amplitude sucking paradigm
- Habituation method
- Preferential looking
What are drawbacks of longitudinal research?
Selective attrition, money, length etc.
What are drawbacks of cross sectional reasearch?
Cohort Effects
