Lec 11. Classifications of Psychological Disorders Flashcards
What is medical student syndrome?
It is students that learn about illnesses and diseases develops a fear of having those illnesses and experiences symptoms of it
YOU NEED TO KNOW TEXTBOOK DISORDERS
FROM THE TEXTBOOK
What are neurodevelopmental disorders? How many systems does it usually affect?
They are problems with the development of the nervous system and often affects more than one function/system
When are neurodevelopmental disorders typically detected?
Early childhood or school years
How much impairment is needed to diagnose a neurodevelopmental disorder?
A significant amount
What are the 4 types of neurodevelopmental disorders discussed in class?
Intellectual disorders, Communication disorders, ADHD, and ASD (you do not need to know all the textbook listed disorders)
What are ASD symptoms?
Deficits in social ability AND repetitive movements, attachment to routine, and restricted interests
According to the 2019 ASD study, what is its prevalence?
2%
What gender has a higher prevalence of ASD?
Males
What do reports of “optimal health” and “optimal mental health” describe about ASD patients?
They have a lower quality of life and score lower in these tests?
What is comorbidity and what does it have to do with ASD?
It means that people with ASD have a higher chance of being linked to other diseases.
What is the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Whether they add behaviours or remove them
What are the positive symptoms of schizophernia?
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Flat effect, avolition, and alogia
What is avolition?
No motivation
What is alogia?
Less speech
What is a flat affect?
They speak in a monotone, cannot tell emotional state from voice
Is schizophrenia rare?
Yes
What is the usual age of onset of schizophrenia?
Early adulthood
What gender is more predisposed to schizophrenia?
Males
How can we describe causes of schizophrenia?
Little is known about the cause, but there are many correlates
What province/territory has the highest rate of schizophrenia?
Nunavut
What is the description of Bipolar disorder?
An alternation between depression and mania
What is the relationship between artists and bipolar disorder?
Artists (creative types) are more likely to have this and create better in mania, this is pretty anectdotal
What is a significant difference between being depressed and having major depression (depressive disorder)
It is Long-lasting
What is the gender prevalence of depression?
It is more prevalent in females
What is the DSM list of diagnosing depression?
More than 2 weeks, more than 5 signs of:
-sad mood
-loss of interest
-weight, sleep, appetite differences
-physical symptoms
-worthlessness
-difficulty concentrating
-thoughts of suicide
How common is depression?
1/5 of people will experience it
What are the three physiological markers of depression?
- Slower brain activity
- Left, frontal lobe is smaller
- Less serotonin and norepinepherine
What are the most heritable psychological disorders?
- Bipolar - 0.85
- Schizophrenia - 0.80
- Anorexia - 0.6
What are the less heritable psychological disorders?
- Anxiety - 0.27
- Major depressive disorder - 0.35
What is the problem with the social-cognitive view of depression?
It is a cycle and creates learned helplessness where the depressive view hampers actions that fuels more negative events
How common are anxiety related disorders?
More than 10% of Canadians
What is anxiety disorder?
It is excessive fear and anxiety about future/potential threats
When is anxiety diagnosable?
When it interferes with everyday life
In Canada what is the age group that reports the highest levels of anxiety?
20-34 year olds
What are the 4 types of anxiety disorder discussed in class with descriptions?
- Generalized anxiety disorder - continuous feeling
- Panic disorder - intense dread episodes + fearful of next attack
- Phobias - Persistent, intense fear and avoidance of activities/situations
- OCD - Persistent and repetitive thoughts and actions that interfere with life and cause distress that is more common among teens and young adults
What is the difference between an obsession and a compulsion?
Obsession - Repetitive thoughts
Compulsion - Repetitive behaviours
What is the difference between OCD and Tourettes?
OCD is done to alleviate anxious thought, it is an anxiety based disorder
What is the difference between trauma and stress?
Trauma - Related to an event, generally more difficult than stress
Stress - Ongoing
What are the 4 categories of PTSD diagnosis?
- Re-experiencing the event
- Avoidance
- Cognitive and Mood Affect
- Arousal and Reactivity to events
How long do PTSD symptoms have to last for to be diagnosed?
4 weeks
What has the classification of PTSD changed to?
It changed from anxiety based to traumatic based disorder
Who is PTSD common among?
Veterans, survivors of accidents and disasters, survivors of violence/sexual assault, higher risk in women
What does a dissociative disorder affect and involve?
It affects memory, perception, and involves distress and impairment
What are the positive symptoms of a dissociative disorder?
- Depersonalization (dislocation of body/parts)
- Derealization - situation isn’t real
- Fragmentation of identity
What are the negative symptoms or a dissociative disorder?
- Loss of memory
- Loss of mental function
What is the new name for multiple personality disorder?
DID (dissociative identity disorder)
What is DID?
Person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
personality states
How does DID appear?
It is trauma induced
What is the difference between a feeding and an eating disorder?
Feeding - in children - picky eating
Eating - adolescents and adults - fear of weight gain
What are the three main eating disorders?
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder
What is gender dysphoria?
The feeling of one who has dissatisfaction, distress, or anxiety related to their gender assignment
Why is gender dysphoria in the DSM?
It allows for access to information, treatment that is diagnosis dependent
In general when do personality disorders arise?
Adolescence or adulthood
What are the general descriptors of personality disorders?
- Difficulty with social relations/expectations
- Trouble managing daily stressors
- Reaction to being confronted about difficulties
What are the three clusters of personality disorders?
A. Unusual/eccentric
B. Irrational/Emotional
C. Anxious/Insecure
What is borderline personality disorder?
It is a long term instability of self-image, emotion, and relationships where there is black and white thinking
What is the new term for sociopaths, psychopaths, etc.
Antisocial personality disorder
What are the physiological markers of Antisocial personality disorder?
There is less response in the autonomic nervous system, they have lower levels of stress hormones
What is medical student syndrome?
It is hypochondria, and nosophobia (fear of contracting a disease) that comes from learning about disease
Can depression end without therapy?
Yes
What may trigger depression?
Stress, life changes, and loss
How common is anxiety?
It affects 10% of Canadians
What is a personality disorder?
It is a disruptive and enduring pattern that impairs social functioning
What is studied about the career results of people with antisocial personality disorder?
They are either criminals or CEOs
