Final Chap 13 Flashcards
What was the point of the smoke experiment with confederates?
To measure conformity
How can conformity be a good thing?
Teamwork, driving change, maintaining law
What are the two causes of the actions of someone?
Internal or External causes
What is actor-observer bias attribution theory?
We are more likely to attribute others actions to internal causes and our own actions to external
What are the three factors Kelley identified when making internal/external attributions?
Consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
How can we tell if it is an internal or external cause using Kelley’s model?
Internal - High consistency, low distinctiveness, low consensus
External - High consistency, high distinctiveness, high consensus
What is the FAE?
The fundamental attribution error states that we tend to attribute other actions to internal causes
What occurs when we attribute our success to internal and our failures to external causes?
Self-serving bias
What is the false consensus effect?
We tend to overestimate the amount others share our beliefs.
What effect is responsible for the first impression being so important due to future information being considered less?
The primacy effect
Is positive or negative first impressions more likely to colour the future of the relationship?
Negative impressions
What other effect contributes to the primacy effect and has to do with the processing of information that is consistent with beliefs?
Confirmation bias
Are Western cultures more or less impacted by the primacy effect?
More
What is self-fulfilling prophecy?
When something is expected and the person expecting it unwillingly makes it happen
What kind of society are Eastern societies when it comes to social norms? (compared to western)
Collectivist
What comes form social norms and is the learned behaviours across situations?
Social scripts
What was Asch’s experiment?
Conformity test using line length testing where a group would all vote the wrong answer
What was the minimum number of confederates it took to reach the plateau of conformity?
3
What is groupthink?
The phenomenon that occurs when conformity and consensus are valued very highly, leading to incorrectness
What are the Janis contributions to poor decisions making?
- Overestimating the group
- closed mindedness of an outgroup
- Pressure for uniformity
What are Janis 8 characteristics of Groupthink situations?
- illusion of invulnerability
- Collective rationalization
- Belief in inherent mortality
- Stereotyped views
- Direct pressure on dissenters
- Self-censorship
- Illusion of unanimity
- Self-appointed mindguards
What is the bystander effect?
The more people around an event, the less likely people will be to give aid
What is the reasoning behind the bystander effect?
Diffusion of responsibility
What concept contributes to the bystander effect and occurs when social cues are misread because others are also uncertain?
Pluralistic ignorance
Was the drunk or sick man in the subway experiment helped more by their own race?
Sick man was helped more, and race varied
Drunk man was helped by people of own race
What increases helping behaviour?
- When a situation is less dangerous
- Perpetrator is absent
- Non-physical actions are needed
What is a sterotype?
It is an attitude or opinion about a person based on a group they are a part of
What is stereotype threat?
Fear of confirming negative stereotypes about their group will have reduced performance due to anxiety
What is prejudice?
An inherently negative stereotype
What is discrimination?
The action part of prejudice (attitude)
What is the theory for why there is discrimination between minoroties?
Scapegoat competition for scare resources passes blame
What theory describes the conflict and discrimination between minorities over real or perceived scarcities?
The realistic conflict theory
What kind of favoritism is generally observed and was observed in the robbers cave experiment?
Ingroup favoritism
How was conflict reduced in the Robbers cave experiment?
Activities were staged that required mutual interdependence
What is the reciprocity norm?
The concept that if someone helps they should be helped back
