Final Chap 12 Flashcards
What is personality?
Internally based characteristics that produce uniqueness and consistency in expression of thoughts and behaviours
What are the three distinct elements of personality?
Uniqueness, consistency, and explanation
What are the three levels of Freud’s iceberg model?
The conscious, preconscious, and subconscious
What is in the preconscious mind?
information that is readily available to access
What is Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind?
It is unlimited storage of thoughts, feelings, memories, and desires
What is Freud’s explanation of hysterical reactions?
It comes from the buildup of unexpressed subconscious
What methods did Freud use to “access the subconscious”?
Free association and dream analysis
What are the latent and manifest expressions of dreams according to Freud?
Manifest - what is remembered/reported - not true
Latent - true meaning of dream
What is the Id?
Freud’s core component of mind that is completely unconscious
What are Freud’s words for sexual impulses and agression?
Eros and Thanatos
What principle is associated with the Id?
The pleasure principle
What component of the mind operates on the reality principle?
The ego
What component of mind deal with the ego ideal and conscience?
The superego
What Freudian mind components can be said to be unbalanced in criminals?
Overextension of the id, underuse of the superego
What happens when someone becomes fixated at a Freudian psychosexual stage in Freud’s theory?
They may regress to it to resolve frustration
What are the 5 Freudian psychosexual stages, their ages, and their struggles?
- Oral - 0-2 - Mouth (willingness to delay gratification)
- Anal - 2-3 - When seeking pleasure, there is a time and a place
- Phallic - 3-6 - Genitals (go along with powerful - same-sex parent)
- Latent - 7-11 - sex-role behaviours in interaction with peers
- Genital 11+ - offering affection, and forming healthy giving relationships
What did Horney deem was the driving factor for personality?
Interpersonal relationships, and the search for social security
According to Karen Horney, what triggers basic anxiety and basic holtility?
Basic anxiety - not feeling loved, and powerless
Basic hostility - not feeling as if significant other is helping
What are Horney’s three strategies people use to deal with the search for social security?
- Moving towards people
- Moving away from people
- Moving against people
What is the order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
What are Carl Rogers core elements of personality?
Self-concept (what one perceives themselves) and self-esteem (one’s self-evaluation)
What does Rogers propose as a reason as to why one might experience low self esteem?
A large difference between actual self and ideal self
What is unconditional positive regard and what happens if conditional positive regard is present?
Unconditional positive regard displays acceptance and respect in all cases unless harmful or destructive, which Rogers argues allows individuals to take risks in order to have a more accurate sense of self, and conditional positive regard does not do this
What is Bandura’s self-system?
It is the innate steps one uses to observe evaluate, and then regulate their behaviour
What is self-efficacy?
The belief one can perform in a certain situation
What is the downside to poor self-efficacy?
Lack of overall effort, which reinforces the idea they are incapable
How are genetic contributors to personality studied?
Twin studies
what is the rate of similarity within twins of a trait called?
concordance rate
What is Eysenck’s theory?
The Three-Factor Theory
What are the three factors of the Three factor theory?
- Extraversion - Inversion
- Neuroticism - Emotional Stability
- Psychoticism - impulse control
