FINAL Flashcards
proper format for scientific name of organisms
Genus + species
(Staphlococcus aureus) underlined or italicized
who developed cell theory after looking at a slice of cork
robert Hooke
who first observed cells
robert hooke
who created the biogenesis theory (theory that all life comes from preexisting life) challenging the idea of spontaneous generation
Virchow
who establised biogenesis theory as fact via their broth flask experiment
Pasteur
whos discovery formed the basis for aseptic technique, what did his flask experiment show?
pasteur
showed that air caries microbes
who discovered the first antibiotic penicillin by accidentally contaminating a bacterial culture w mold
Flemming
who established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease
Koch
who developed the germ theory of disease
Koch
bond in which electrons are shared
covalent
bond in which atoms that have gained and lost electrons are attracted to each other
ionic
what is a hydrogen bond
hydrogen atom bonded covalently to an I or N atom, is attracted to another O or N, weak
building blocks of carbohydrates
monosaccharides (simple sugars)
role of carbohydrates
major source of energy in living organisms, fuels cell activity (make ATP), some sugars needed for cell walls
function of lipids
make up plasma membranes , energy storage (fat)
structure of simple lipids
3 fatty acids and a glycerol
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
structural v functional proteins
struc.=make up basic structures (muscles)
functional= facilitate metabolic processes (enzymes)
primary protein structure
strand of amino acids (polypeptide strand)
secondary proteins structure
polypeptide strand curls, forming double helix or pleated sheets, H bonds added
tertiary protein structure
combo of primary and secondary, 3D structure formed by interactions of various side groups, catalyzes reactions
quaternary protein structure
more than 1 tertiary structure, several folded polypeptide chains
role of nucleic acids
store genetic info, form atp
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
what makes up a nucleotide
a nitrogen containing base(C,G,A,T), a pentose (deoxyribose), a phosphate
list steps in gram stain and purpose of each
1) crystal violet (primary stain)
2) iodine (mordant)
3) alcohol wash (decolorizer)
4) safranin (counterstain)
differences between gram pos and neg cell wall
pos- thick peptidoglycan layer, techoic and lipotechoic acids
neg- outer lipid membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, inner lipid membrane
components of gram neg outer PM
lipoolysaccarides (lipid A, a core polysach., and an O polysach.), lipoproteins, phospholipids
which part of gram neg outer PM acts as endotoxin
Lipid A
what are endospores
highly durable dehydrated cells w thick walls
steps in endospore formation
1) spore spetum begins isolating replicated dna and a portion of cytoplasm
2) PMstarts to surround DNA
3) spore setum surrounds isolated portion forming forespore w twomembranes
4) peptidoglycan layer forms between 2 membranes
5) spore coat forms, released
define substrate level phosphorylation
substate has P attached, energy transfered w P (phos group) ADP-> ATP
define oxidative phosorylation
energy from transferring e- (oxidation) used in e- transport chain to make ATP
define photophosphorylation
light causes chlorophyll to give up e-, passed along e- transport chain-> energy used to make ATP
where oxidative phos. electron transport chain occurs
in PM of prokaryotes, in mitochondrial inner membrane of euk
define competative inhibition
inhibitor binds to part of enzyme active site, blocks substrate (shape similia to that of substrate enzyme acts on)
define noncompetative inhibition
enzyme has 2nd site alled the “allosteric site”, inhibitor binds causing a cascade effect, changes conformation, active site changes shape
why oxygen is toxic to many organisms
powerful oxidizer (strips e-), there was no O2 on earth for the first 2 bill yrs (had to evolve ability to produce catalase and superoxide dismutase
obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes
O2 required
only anaerobic resp.
what are facultative anaerobes
prefer O2, if w/o can switch to anaerobic resp.
what are aerotolerant anaerobes
only anaerobic but continue in presence of O2
what are microaerophiles
only aerobic, cant tolerate too much or too little O2
how a biofilm begins
a free-swimming planktonic bacteria attaches to a surface
how biofilms avoid lack of nutrients at lower depths and buildup of toxic wastes
pillar-like structures with channels carry water w incoming nutrients or outgoing waste
__% of human bacterial infections involve biofilms
70
most nosocomial infections caused by
biofilms on catheters
biofilms cause what kind of infections
chronic
biofilms are about ___x more resistant to microbicides
1000x
