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Microbiology > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

proper format for scientific name of organisms

A

Genus + species

(Staphlococcus aureus) underlined or italicized

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2
Q

who developed cell theory after looking at a slice of cork

A

robert Hooke

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3
Q

who first observed cells

A

robert hooke

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4
Q

who created the biogenesis theory (theory that all life comes from preexisting life) challenging the idea of spontaneous generation

A

Virchow

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5
Q

who establised biogenesis theory as fact via their broth flask experiment

A

Pasteur

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6
Q

whos discovery formed the basis for aseptic technique, what did his flask experiment show?

A

pasteur

showed that air caries microbes

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7
Q

who discovered the first antibiotic penicillin by accidentally contaminating a bacterial culture w mold

A

Flemming

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8
Q

who established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease

A

Koch

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9
Q

who developed the germ theory of disease

A

Koch

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10
Q

bond in which electrons are shared

A

covalent

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11
Q

bond in which atoms that have gained and lost electrons are attracted to each other

A

ionic

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12
Q

what is a hydrogen bond

A

hydrogen atom bonded covalently to an I or N atom, is attracted to another O or N, weak

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13
Q

building blocks of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

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14
Q

role of carbohydrates

A

major source of energy in living organisms, fuels cell activity (make ATP), some sugars needed for cell walls

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15
Q

function of lipids

A

make up plasma membranes , energy storage (fat)

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16
Q

structure of simple lipids

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol

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17
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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18
Q

structural v functional proteins

A

struc.=make up basic structures (muscles)

functional= facilitate metabolic processes (enzymes)

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19
Q

primary protein structure

A

strand of amino acids (polypeptide strand)

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20
Q

secondary proteins structure

A

polypeptide strand curls, forming double helix or pleated sheets, H bonds added

21
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

combo of primary and secondary, 3D structure formed by interactions of various side groups, catalyzes reactions

22
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

more than 1 tertiary structure, several folded polypeptide chains

23
Q

role of nucleic acids

A

store genetic info, form atp

24
Q

building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

25
Q

what makes up a nucleotide

A

a nitrogen containing base(C,G,A,T), a pentose (deoxyribose), a phosphate

26
Q

list steps in gram stain and purpose of each

A

1) crystal violet (primary stain)
2) iodine (mordant)
3) alcohol wash (decolorizer)
4) safranin (counterstain)

27
Q

differences between gram pos and neg cell wall

A

pos- thick peptidoglycan layer, techoic and lipotechoic acids
neg- outer lipid membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, inner lipid membrane

28
Q

components of gram neg outer PM

A

lipoolysaccarides (lipid A, a core polysach., and an O polysach.), lipoproteins, phospholipids

29
Q

which part of gram neg outer PM acts as endotoxin

A

Lipid A

30
Q

what are endospores

A

highly durable dehydrated cells w thick walls

31
Q

steps in endospore formation

A

1) spore spetum begins isolating replicated dna and a portion of cytoplasm
2) PMstarts to surround DNA
3) spore setum surrounds isolated portion forming forespore w twomembranes
4) peptidoglycan layer forms between 2 membranes
5) spore coat forms, released

32
Q

define substrate level phosphorylation

A

substate has P attached, energy transfered w P (phos group) ADP-> ATP

33
Q

define oxidative phosorylation

A

energy from transferring e- (oxidation) used in e- transport chain to make ATP

34
Q

define photophosphorylation

A

light causes chlorophyll to give up e-, passed along e- transport chain-> energy used to make ATP

35
Q

where oxidative phos. electron transport chain occurs

A

in PM of prokaryotes, in mitochondrial inner membrane of euk

36
Q

define competative inhibition

A

inhibitor binds to part of enzyme active site, blocks substrate (shape similia to that of substrate enzyme acts on)

37
Q

define noncompetative inhibition

A

enzyme has 2nd site alled the “allosteric site”, inhibitor binds causing a cascade effect, changes conformation, active site changes shape

38
Q

why oxygen is toxic to many organisms

A

powerful oxidizer (strips e-), there was no O2 on earth for the first 2 bill yrs (had to evolve ability to produce catalase and superoxide dismutase

39
Q

obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes

A

O2 required

only anaerobic resp.

40
Q

what are facultative anaerobes

A

prefer O2, if w/o can switch to anaerobic resp.

41
Q

what are aerotolerant anaerobes

A

only anaerobic but continue in presence of O2

42
Q

what are microaerophiles

A

only aerobic, cant tolerate too much or too little O2

43
Q

how a biofilm begins

A

a free-swimming planktonic bacteria attaches to a surface

44
Q

how biofilms avoid lack of nutrients at lower depths and buildup of toxic wastes

A

pillar-like structures with channels carry water w incoming nutrients or outgoing waste

45
Q

__% of human bacterial infections involve biofilms

A

70

46
Q

most nosocomial infections caused by

A

biofilms on catheters

47
Q

biofilms cause what kind of infections

A

chronic

48
Q

biofilms are about ___x more resistant to microbicides

A

1000x

Microbiology (21 decks)

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