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Microbiology > Ch 4- prokaryotes 2 > Flashcards

Ch 4- prokaryotes 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic PM

A

both contain phospholipids

euk- contains carbohydrates and sterols (cholesterol), more rigid

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2
Q

PM structure

A

phosopholipids, hydrophilic polar head points outwards, fatty acid points inward (bilayer)

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3
Q

2 kinds of proteins in a PM and what they do

A

integral- for cell transport

peripheral - at inner and outer surfaces of PM. function as enzymes that catalyze reactions, provide support

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4
Q

net overall movement of molecules or ions from high conc to low (passive=no energy required)

A

simple diffusion

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5
Q

integral proteins that function as nonspecific or specific transporters to facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across PM (passive=no energy)

A

facilitated diffusion

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6
Q

net movement of solvent molecules (like H2O) across a semipermeable membrane from high to low conc

A

osmosis

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7
Q

integral proteins that function as water channels

A

aquaporins

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8
Q

the nucleoid of the prokaryote is analagous to the what of the eukaryote

A

nucleus

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9
Q

the prokaryote nucleoid differs from the nuclues how

A

no nuclear envelope (membrane)

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10
Q

possible nucleoid shapes

A

spherical, elongated, dumbbell

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11
Q

in addition to bacterial chromosome (in the bacterial nucleoid), they often contain small circular double-stranded DNA molecules called

A

plasmids

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12
Q

why plasmids are beneficial

A

allow transfer of genes; may carry beneficial genes

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13
Q

site of protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

ribosomes

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14
Q

where ribosomes are located

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

structure of a ribosome

A

2 subunits (each consisting of protein and RNA), a small and large subunit

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16
Q

difference between eukaryote and prokaryote ribosome

A

prokaryotic smaller (70s) euk 80s

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17
Q

what are Svedberg units

A

measure how quickly ribosome will descend in a liquid (rate of sedemntation)

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18
Q

what are inclusions

A

different kinds of reserve deposits in cytoplasm(accumulate nutrients when plentiful, use when deficient)

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19
Q

metachromatic granules (volutin)

A

phosphate reserve

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20
Q

polysaccharide granules

A

energy reserves of glycogen and starch (can be seen when dyed w iodine, dyes glycogen)

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21
Q

lipid inclusions

A

energy reserves of lipids

22
Q

sulfur granules

A

reserves of sulfur (some bacteria derrive energy by oxidizing sulfur, use to make ATP)

23
Q

diseases caused by acid fast bacteria

A

leprosy, tuberculosis

24
Q

carboxysomes

A

inclusions that contain enzyme ribulose 1,5-diphosphate; photosynthetic bacteria use for carbon fixation

25
Q

gas vacules

A

inclusion found in many aquatic prokaryotes, protein covered air bubble used for buoyancy

26
Q

magnetosomes

A

inclusion containing iron oxide, act as magnets, protect from H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

27
Q

why do endospores form

A

survival function, response to adverse environmental conditions like ig essential nutrients are depleted

28
Q

what geni form endospores

A

Clostridium, bacillus

29
Q

what are endospores

A

highly durable dehydrated cells w thick walls and additional layers. when released in environment can survive extreme heat, lack of water, toxic chemicals, radiation

30
Q

how endospores are formed

A

1) a replicated bacterial chromosome and portion of cytoplasm are isolated by an ingrowth of the plasma membrane (spore septum)
2) the PM starts to surround them
3) spore septum surrounds isolated portion, forming forespore (2 membranes now surround)
4) peptideglycan forms between 2 membranes ‘
5) spore coat forms
6) endospore released

31
Q

when an endospore returns to vegetative state(triggered by physical or chem damage to coat)

A

germination

32
Q

what component of an endospore protects the DNA from damage

A

DPA (diplicolinic acid)

33
Q

importance of endospores in food industry and clinical importance

A

they are resistant to processes that normally kill vegetative cells (heating, freezing, etc.)

34
Q

eukaryotes: flagella vs cilia

A

projections few and long. used by Euglena algae: flagella

short and numerous. used by protozoa : cilia

35
Q

difference between eukaryotic cell wall and prokaryotic

A

eukaryotic dont contain peptidoglycan (cellulose, chitin, etc.) also much chemically simpler than prokaryotic

36
Q

difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic glycocalyx

A

prok- slime layer or capsule

37
Q

difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic plasma membrane

A

euk contain sterols and carbohydrates (serve as receptor sites and attachment sites), can use endocytosis (bring large molecules into cell)

38
Q

3 types of endocytosis done by eukaryotes

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

39
Q

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasm

A

euk- have a cytoskeleton (microtubules and microfilaments), cytoplasm moves through cell distributing nutrients (cytoplasmic streaming)
also- important enzymes found in organlles rather than in cytoplasm like in prokaryotes

40
Q

difference between prok and euk ribosomes

A

larger in eukaryotes (60s+40s=80s)

41
Q

difference between free-ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes

A

free-synthesize proteins used inside cell

membrane-bound(PM or endoplasmic reticulum)- synthesize proteins destined for insertion in PM or for export from cell

42
Q

what is the nucleolus/ nucleoli (in eukaryotes)

A

condensed regoins of chromosomes where RNA is synthesized

43
Q

diff between prok and euk division

A

euk undergo mitosis and meiosis (prok neither), DNA in form of chromatin coil into chromosomes during nuclear division

44
Q

diff between prok and euk endoplasmic reticulum

A

prok doesnt have

45
Q

diff between smooth and rough ER

A

rough-ribosomes, snythesize proteins

smooth- synthesize phospholipids,

46
Q

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

A

prok-single circular chromosome (no histones-proteins found in euk nucleus)
euk- multiple linear chromosomes w histones

47
Q

role of euk lysosomes

A

containt digestive enzymes to breakdown mlcls and digest bactera (Ex: WBCs contain lysosomes)

48
Q

role of eukaryotic vacules

A

temporary storage, form during endocytosis to bring food into cell, take up water in plant cells to increase size and rigidity

49
Q

role of mitochondria in eukaryotes

A

atp production ( inner membrane provides large surface area for chem reactions to occur)

50
Q

role of peroxisomes in eukaryotes

A

uses enzymes to oxidize substances (sometimes toxic) like H2O2

51
Q

role of eukaryotic centrosome

A

organizing center for mitotic spindle (pericentriolar material), critical role in cell division

Microbiology (21 decks)

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