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Microbiology > Ch 4- prokaryotes > Flashcards

Ch 4- prokaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

list different arrangements of cocci bacteria

A

diplococci, steptococci, tetrad, sarcinae, staphylococci

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2
Q

a cocci bacterial cell that divides down the middle once can be what arangements

A

diplococci (remain in pairs)

streptococci (remain attached in chain-like pattern)

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3
Q

a cocci bacteria that divides in two planes and remain in groups of 4

A

tetrad

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4
Q

cocci that divide in 3 planes and remain attached in cube-like groups of 8

A

sarcinae

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5
Q

cocci that divide in multiple planes and form clusters or sheets

A

staphylococci

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6
Q

baccili only divide across what axis

A

their short axis

I

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7
Q

bacillus arrangements

A

single bacillus, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, coccobacillus

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8
Q

a pair of bacilli after dividing

A

diplobacilli

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9
Q

a chain of baccilli

A

streptobacilli

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10
Q

kinda oval shaped baccillus

A

coccobacillus

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11
Q

what causes a coccobacillus to form

A

bacillus divides before fully grown in length

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12
Q

spiral arrangements of bacteria

A

vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

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13
Q

Bacillus genus of cells commonly form which category of arrangement

A

spiral

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14
Q

bacteria that look like curved rods

A

vibrio

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15
Q

bacteria w helical shape like corkscrew, and rigid thick bodies

A

spirillum

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16
Q

bacteria that are helical, flexible, thin

A

spirochetes

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17
Q

how spirillum (spirilla) move vs how spirochetes

A

spirilla- use flagella

spirochetes- axial filaments

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18
Q

monomorphic vs pleomorphic

A

mono- maintain a single shape

pleo- can have many shapes

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19
Q

what is glycocalyx

A

general term for sticky substance outside of cell wall

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20
Q

a glycocalyx that is neatly organized and tightly attached to cell wall

A

capsule

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21
Q

a glycocalyx that is loosely attached to cell wall, unorganized

A

slime layer

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22
Q

importance of a capsule glycocalyx

A

protect bacteria from host phagocytosis (contributing to virulence)

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23
Q

pros of a glycocalyx capsule made of pollysaccharides

A

prevents phagocytosis and allows the cells to attach (ex: S. pneumoniae adhering to respiratory tract)

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24
Q

role gylcocalyx plays in biofilms

A

biofilm is a slime layer, provides protection facilitated by quorum sensing.
helps cells in biofilm attach to target environment and eachother (EPS)

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25
Q

separate bacteria (single-celled, free swimming) before forming biofilms are called

A

planktonic bacteria

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26
Q

what causes acute and chronic illnesses

biofilms or planktonic bacteria

A

Acute- planktonic

chronic- biofilms

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27
Q

once a biofilm is created it releases

A

planktonic bacteria

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28
Q

how quorum sensing works

A

cell produces molecule, has receptors for that molecule, when surrounded by more bacteria producing the same molecule turns on certain action (recognize chemical words to turn on group behavior)

29
Q

how quorum sensing relates to virulence (pathogenicity)

A

quroum sensing controls when “attack” will be launched (when enough bacteria are present, more successful at overcoming host)

30
Q

the 2 systems used for quorum sensing

A

an intra-species system w species specfic molecule.

and inter-species system, generic for all bacteria

31
Q

bacteria that lack flagella

A

atrichous

32
Q

flagella distributed over entire cell

A

peritirichous

33
Q

one flagella at one end of cell

A

monotrichous and polar

34
Q

one flagella at each end of cell

A

amphitrichous and polar

35
Q

a tuft of flagella coming from one end

A

lophotrichous and polar

36
Q

the long outer most region of flagella, made of protein flagellin

A

the filament

37
Q

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella

A

eukaryotic filament covered by membrane or sheath, hook moves back and forth rather than spinning

38
Q

part of the flagella that spins in bacterial cells

A

hook

39
Q

part of flagella that anchors it into the cell wall and PM

A

basal body

40
Q

difference between gram pos and neg bacterial flagella

A

neg- contain two pairs of rings, anchoring it into the cell wall and PM
pos- only inner (PM) pair is present)

41
Q

a bacterial cell reversing its flagellar rotation to turn direction is called

A

tumbling

42
Q

importance/roles of flagella

A

move to favorable environments(caused by chemical stimuli), search for food,

43
Q

bundles of fibrils attached at end of spirochete, located under outer sheath, for movements

A

axial filaments

44
Q

how axial filaments provide mobility for spirochetes

A

twist outside cell wall, causes outer sheath to move, propels in spiral motion

45
Q

hairlike appendages used by many gram neg bacteria for attachment

A

fimbriae

46
Q

hairlike appendages used by many gram neg bacteria for motility and DNA transfer (conjugation)

A

pili

47
Q

how pili is used for movement

A

“grappling hook” (twitching motility, attaches to surface of another cell and retracts.
or gliding motility

48
Q

what is pili gliding motility used for

A

means for microbes to travel in environments w low water content (biofilm or soil)

49
Q

what makes up the peptidoglycan in a cell wall

A

repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides to form a lattice

50
Q

the disaccharide portion in peptidoglycan contains what disachharides

A

NAG and NAM

51
Q

difference between gram pos and neg cell wall

A

pos- many layers of peptidoglycan (thick), a wall of teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acid (help control movement of cations in/out of cell)
neg- thin layer of peptidoglycan, have an outer PM outside of peptidoglycan in addition to inner one

52
Q

importance of a bacterial cell wall

A

prevents cell from further expanding

53
Q

what a gram neg outer PM (phospholipid bilayer) is made of

A

lipopolysaccharides (lipid A, a core polysacch., and an O polysacch) ,lipoproteins, and phospholipids

54
Q

the strong neg charge of a gram neg outer PM causes what in terms of virulence

A

evasion of phagocytosis, and provides a barrier against antibiotics

55
Q

which part of gram neg outer PM acts as an endotoxin and is associated with the symptoms associated w infections

A

lipid A

56
Q

which part of gram neg out PM acts as antigen and is useful for distinguishing species of gram neg

A

O polysaccharides

57
Q

why gram pos retains crystal violet

A

stain forms large crystals w iodine, alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan making it more impermeable

58
Q

why gram neg does not retain crystal violet

A

stain forms large crystals w iodine, alcohol dissolves the outer membrane and leaves holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer thro which the crystals leave

59
Q

acid fast stain used to identify

A

bacteria w high concentrations of mycolic acid (waxy lipid)like mycobacteria or nocardia.

60
Q

cell wall structure of acid fast bacteria

A

mycolic acid layer around thing layer of peptidoglycan, help together by polysaccharide.

61
Q

why acid fast bacteria retain carbolfuchsin dye

A

dye more soluble in cell wall mycolic acid than the acid-alcohol it is rinsed w

62
Q

diff between hyertonic and hypotonic

A

hypo- conc of solute greater INSIDE the cell, water moves into cell
hyper- conc of solute greater OUTSIDE cell, water moves out

63
Q

pili are usually (shorter/longer) than fimbriae and there is usually (more/less) than fimbriae

A

longer, less (only 1-2 per cell)

64
Q

clinical importance of bacterial cell wall

A

contributes to the ability of some species to cause disease and is the site of action of some antibiotics

65
Q

size range of bacterial cells in diameter and length

A

diameter- 0.2-2.0 um

length- 2-8 um

66
Q

part of gram-pos bacteria that provides its antigenic specificity (easy to identify in a lab)
what is the antigenic portion of gram neg?

A

pos-teichoic acids

neg- o polysaccharide

67
Q

acid- fast bacteria cell wall structure

A

mycolic acid in cell wall (and forms an outside thin layer of peptidoglycan), mycolic acid and peptidoglycan held together by polysaccharide

68
Q

why inclusions are beneficial

A

avoid increase in osmotic pressure that would result if these molecules were dispersed in cytoplasm

69
Q

typical size of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells in diameter

A

prok- 0.2-2 um

euk- 10-100 um

Microbiology (21 decks)

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