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Microbiology > Ch 8 Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Ch 8 Microbial Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define the genome

A

all genetic info within an organism

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2
Q

how many chromosomes (bacteria v people)

A

bacteria-1 circular, also contain short circular chromosomes w unique capabilies (plasmids)
people- 23 pairs, linear

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3
Q

define a gene

A

segments of DNA that code for functional proteins

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4
Q

all genes in a bacterial chromosome are scattered except for

A

genes associated w membrane synthesis

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5
Q

bacterial chromsomes, unlike eukaryotes, lack

A

introns

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6
Q

what are introns

A

“interviening sequences” dont code for proteins

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7
Q

what are exons

A

portions of DNA that code for proteins, are expressed

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8
Q

what are histones? do eukaryotes or prokaryotes have?

A

eukaryotes have; special proteins w DNA wrapped around them, for DNA regulation

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9
Q

what is replication

A

parent cell replicates DNA, divides via binary fission –> 2 daughter cells

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10
Q

where bacterial chromosome is located in bacteria

A

attached at one or more points on PM

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11
Q

what are short tandem repeats (STRs) in the bacterial chromosome

A

non-coding regions made up of repeating sequences of 2-5 bases

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12
Q

enzyme that unwinds two strands of parental DNA for replications

A

helicase

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13
Q

enzyme that fixes improperly paired bases by removing and replacing bases

A

replication enzymes

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14
Q

newly added nucleotides are joined to the DNA (synthesizes DNA)strand by; also proofreads what it puts down

A

DNA polymerase

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15
Q

point at which replication occurs

A

replication fork

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16
Q

enzyme that makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands, also joins Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

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17
Q

the leading strand is in what direction vs the lagging

A

leading 5’-3’

lagging 3’-5’

18
Q

this enzyme is needed for replication of the lagging strand which synthesizes short RNA primers

A

Primase

19
Q

what DNA polymerase does to RNA primer once recognizing on lagging strand

A

digests; replaces w DNA

20
Q

what supplies the energy for

A

the nucleotides(nucleoside triphosphates)

21
Q

DNA expression within a cell involve what two processes

A

transcription & translation

22
Q

what is transcription

A

synthesis of complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template

23
Q

U replaces __ in RNA

A

T (A-U)

24
Q

What is translation

A

mRNA serves as information source for synthesis of proteins

25
Q

The language of mRNA is in the form off groups of 3 nucleotides called

A

Codons

26
Q

Each codon codes for

A

An amino acid

27
Q

Start codon

A

AUG (methionine)

28
Q

What indicated where a gene begins ( where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription)
What I indicates end?

A

Promoter

End= terminator

29
Q

What must happen in eukaryote mRNA (after transcription) before it can be translated and proteins can be made

A

Introns must be removed; splicing in nucleus until mRNAhave no introns

30
Q

Why transcription and translation occur simultaneously in prokaryotes

A

Bc no nuclear envelope and no introns

31
Q

How ribosomes know where to begin on mRNA when synthesizing proteins (transcription)

A

At start codon (AUG)

32
Q

The first amino acid that tRNA pairs during translation

A

Methionine

33
Q

The place where 1st tRNA sits in ribosome

A

P site

34
Q

The second tRNA to enter a ribosome sits in which site

A

A site

35
Q

Site of ribosome which releases tRNA

A

E site

36
Q

Kind of bond that forms between amino acids when attaching during translation

A

Peptide

37
Q

How tRNA recognizes the codon it is complimentary to

A

It’s anticodon (sequence of 3 bases complimentary to the codon)

38
Q

What tRNA anticodon is complimentary to the start codon

A

UAC

39
Q

A stop codon is also called a ___ codon

A

Nonsense codon

40
Q

Particles that remove introns from eukaryotic mRNA and splice exons together

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) “snurps “

Microbiology (21 decks)

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