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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is responsible for the first known observation of microbes

A

Antonie Van leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

Who developed cell theory after looking at a slice of cork

A

Robert hook

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3
Q

Developed the first vaccine (a smallpox vaccine) by rubbing cow pus on a boys wound (found that if contracted a milder disease, didn’t get sick from related viruses)

A

Edward Jenner

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4
Q

Who created the biogenesis theory (theory that life comes from preexisting life) which challenged spontaneous generation

A

Rudolf Virchow

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5
Q

Who established the biogenesis theory as fact with the broth flask experiment

A

Louis Pasteur (think pasteurization)

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6
Q

Performed the first surgery with antiseptic, findings proved that microorganisms cause surgical wound infections

A

Joseph lister (think listerine)

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7
Q

Proved the germ theory of disease-

Theory states that…

A

Robert Koch

For every disease there is a germ that causes it

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8
Q

Developed gram staining, which was the first time we were able to easily distinguish 2 microbes

A

Hannes gram

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9
Q

Developed the Petri dish which we could culture microbes in

A

Julius petri

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10
Q

Developed chemotherapy (using chemicals to treat disease)

A

Paul Ehrlich

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11
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin. (Almost threw out a contaminated Petri dish)

A

Alexander Fleming

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12
Q

Discovered structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

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13
Q

Created nomenclature for organisms

A

Carl Linnaeus

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14
Q

2 categories of prokaryotes

A

Eubacteria and Archea

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15
Q

Kind of prokaryote with cells walls made of peptidoglycan

A

Bacteria

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16
Q

Kind of prokaryote w no cell walls. Common in extreme environments

A

Archea

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17
Q

Salt loving Archea

A

Extreme halophiles

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18
Q

Fungi are heterotropic meaning they

A

Depend on other organisms for nutrients

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19
Q

A unicellular fungi is known as a

A

Yeast

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20
Q

A multicellular fungus is known as

A

A mold

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21
Q

Fungal cell walls are made of

A

Chitin

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22
Q

Protozoa are (uni or multi) cellular

A

Unicellular

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23
Q

An amoeba is a ________ that moves via a pseudopod

A

Protozoa

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24
Q

A volvox is a(n)

A

Algae

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25
Algae cell wall is made of
Cellulose (a carbohydrate)
26
Acellular, nonliving, nucleic acid core
Viruses
27
A short segment of protein, causes misshaping of similar proteins and can cause disease
Prions
28
Scientific nomenclature refers to an organism by its
Genus and specific epithet
28
After a scientific name has been mentioned once you can shorten by
Initial of genus followed by the specific epithet
28
Bacteria are multi or unicellular
Unicellular
28
Bacteria are considered prokaryotes Bc
Their genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane ( no nucleus)
29
Bacterial cells can be these shapes: Bacillus Coccus Spiral
Rod Spherical or ovoid Corkscrew or curved
30
Define binary fission
Bacterial cells divide into two equal cells to reproduce
31
How bacteria get nutrition
Organic chemicals (from dead or living organisms), some manufacturer their own via photosynthesis
32
Archaea don’t normally have cell walls, if they do they lack
Peptidoglycan
33
What methanogen archaea do
Produce methane as waste product of respiration
34
What are extreme thermophile archaea
Archaea that live in hot sulfurous water
35
Which causes disease in humans: bacteria, archaea, or both
Bacteria(archaea typically do not )
36
Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotes have nucleus containing cells genetic material
37
Envelope surrounding genetic material (makes a nucleus)
Nuclear membrane
38
Molds form visable masses made of long filaments (hyphae) called
Mycelia
39
Fungi can reproduce (sexually or asexually)
Either
40
Organisms with both fungi and amoeba characteristics
Slime molds
41
An amoeba is what
A protozoa that moves via pseudopods (false feet)
42
Cilliates and flagellates are both
Protozoa
43
Free entity protozoa that derive nutrients from living hosts
Parasites
44
Protozoa reproduce sexually or asexually
Either
45
What is a volvox
Pond alga
46
Example of photosynthetic Protozoa
Euglena
47
Algae reproduces sexually or asexually
Either
48
Why algae play an important role in balance of nature
Result of photosynthesis is o2 and carbohydrates that can be utilized by organisms
49
Viruses are unicellular, multicellular, or acellular
Acellular (not cellular)
50
A viruses protein coat is sometimes encased by a lipid membrane called
An envelope
51
Parasitic worms flatworms and roundworms are called
Helminths
52
Although considered macrooraganisms, why are helminths still identified via microscopic techniques
During some stages in life, helminths are microscopic in size
53
What cell theory states
Theory that all living things are composed of cells
54
Louis Pasteur’s flask experiment shows that the air doesn’t create microbes, rather it
Carries microbes
55
Who’s discoveries formed the basis for aseptic technique
Louis Pasteur (microbes can be destroyed by heat and methods can be devised to block the access of airborn organisms)
56
French merchants asked Louis Pasteur to find out why wine and bear soured. He found the reason was
Fermentation: process using yeasts to convert sugars to alcohol in absence of air. When exposed to air bacteria change the alcohol to vinegar
57
Paul Ehrlich discovered this chemotherapeutic agent, | Effective against what
Salvarsan, syphilis
58
Penicillin is produced via what | Think Alexander Fleming
A fungus | Penicillium was the mold he found contaminating and inhibiting microbial growth on his plate
59
Who first observed cells
Robert hook
60
Biogenesis theory states
Living cells can arise only from preexisting cells
61
Pasteur discovering why alcohol spoiled led to the development of
Pasteurization (kills bacteria present)
62
Showing the connection between food spoilage and microorganisms was a major step towards
Establishing the relationship between disease and microbes
63
Jospeh lister applied the ______ theory to medical procedures
Germ theory of disease
64
How Robert Koch proved germ theory
Cultured bacteria from cattle that died of anthrax, injected into healthy animals, isolated their bacteria and compared the two
65
Edward Jenner discoverer vaccines but who discovered why this worked and coined term vaccine
Pasteur
66
What ehrlich means by a “magic bullet”
Something that could hunt down and destroy pathogen without harming infected host

Microbiology (21 decks)

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