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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who is responsible for the first known observation of microbes

A

Antonie Van leeuwenhoek

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2
Q

Who developed cell theory after looking at a slice of cork

A

Robert hook

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3
Q

Developed the first vaccine (a smallpox vaccine) by rubbing cow pus on a boys wound (found that if contracted a milder disease, didn’t get sick from related viruses)

A

Edward Jenner

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4
Q

Who created the biogenesis theory (theory that life comes from preexisting life) which challenged spontaneous generation

A

Rudolf Virchow

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5
Q

Who established the biogenesis theory as fact with the broth flask experiment

A

Louis Pasteur (think pasteurization)

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6
Q

Performed the first surgery with antiseptic, findings proved that microorganisms cause surgical wound infections

A

Joseph lister (think listerine)

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7
Q

Proved the germ theory of disease-

Theory states that…

A

Robert Koch

For every disease there is a germ that causes it

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8
Q

Developed gram staining, which was the first time we were able to easily distinguish 2 microbes

A

Hannes gram

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9
Q

Developed the Petri dish which we could culture microbes in

A

Julius petri

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10
Q

Developed chemotherapy (using chemicals to treat disease)

A

Paul Ehrlich

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11
Q

Who discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin. (Almost threw out a contaminated Petri dish)

A

Alexander Fleming

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12
Q

Discovered structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick

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13
Q

Created nomenclature for organisms

A

Carl Linnaeus

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14
Q

2 categories of prokaryotes

A

Eubacteria and Archea

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15
Q

Kind of prokaryote with cells walls made of peptidoglycan

A

Bacteria

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16
Q

Kind of prokaryote w no cell walls. Common in extreme environments

A

Archea

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17
Q

Salt loving Archea

A

Extreme halophiles

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18
Q

Fungi are heterotropic meaning they

A

Depend on other organisms for nutrients

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19
Q

A unicellular fungi is known as a

A

Yeast

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20
Q

A multicellular fungus is known as

A

A mold

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21
Q

Fungal cell walls are made of

A

Chitin

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22
Q

Protozoa are (uni or multi) cellular

A

Unicellular

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23
Q

An amoeba is a ________ that moves via a pseudopod

A

Protozoa

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24
Q

A volvox is a(n)

A

Algae

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25
Q

Algae cell wall is made of

A

Cellulose (a carbohydrate)

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26
Q

Acellular, nonliving, nucleic acid core

A

Viruses

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27
Q

A short segment of protein, causes misshaping of similar proteins and can cause disease

A

Prions

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28
Q

Scientific nomenclature refers to an organism by its

A

Genus and specific epithet

28
Q

After a scientific name has been mentioned once you can shorten by

A

Initial of genus followed by the specific epithet

28
Q

Bacteria are multi or unicellular

A

Unicellular

28
Q

Bacteria are considered prokaryotes Bc

A

Their genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane ( no nucleus)

29
Q

Bacterial cells can be these shapes:
Bacillus
Coccus
Spiral

A

Rod
Spherical or ovoid
Corkscrew or curved

30
Q

Define binary fission

A

Bacterial cells divide into two equal cells to reproduce

31
Q

How bacteria get nutrition

A

Organic chemicals (from dead or living organisms), some manufacturer their own via photosynthesis

32
Q

Archaea don’t normally have cell walls, if they do they lack

A

Peptidoglycan

33
Q

What methanogen archaea do

A

Produce methane as waste product of respiration

34
Q

What are extreme thermophile archaea

A

Archaea that live in hot sulfurous water

35
Q

Which causes disease in humans: bacteria, archaea, or both

A

Bacteria(archaea typically do not )

36
Q

Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have nucleus containing cells genetic material

37
Q

Envelope surrounding genetic material (makes a nucleus)

A

Nuclear membrane

38
Q

Molds form visable masses made of long filaments (hyphae) called

A

Mycelia

39
Q

Fungi can reproduce (sexually or asexually)

A

Either

40
Q

Organisms with both fungi and amoeba characteristics

A

Slime molds

41
Q

An amoeba is what

A

A protozoa that moves via pseudopods (false feet)

42
Q

Cilliates and flagellates are both

A

Protozoa

43
Q

Free entity protozoa that derive nutrients from living hosts

A

Parasites

44
Q

Protozoa reproduce sexually or asexually

A

Either

45
Q

What is a volvox

A

Pond alga

46
Q

Example of photosynthetic Protozoa

A

Euglena

47
Q

Algae reproduces sexually or asexually

A

Either

48
Q

Why algae play an important role in balance of nature

A

Result of photosynthesis is o2 and carbohydrates that can be utilized by organisms

49
Q

Viruses are unicellular, multicellular, or acellular

A

Acellular (not cellular)

50
Q

A viruses protein coat is sometimes encased by a lipid membrane called

A

An envelope

51
Q

Parasitic worms flatworms and roundworms are called

A

Helminths

52
Q

Although considered macrooraganisms, why are helminths still identified via microscopic techniques

A

During some stages in life, helminths are microscopic in size

53
Q

What cell theory states

A

Theory that all living things are composed of cells

54
Q

Louis Pasteur’s flask experiment shows that the air doesn’t create microbes, rather it

A

Carries microbes

55
Q

Who’s discoveries formed the basis for aseptic technique

A

Louis Pasteur (microbes can be destroyed by heat and methods can be devised to block the access of airborn organisms)

56
Q

French merchants asked Louis Pasteur to find out why wine and bear soured. He found the reason was

A

Fermentation: process using yeasts to convert sugars to alcohol in absence of air. When exposed to air bacteria change the alcohol to vinegar

57
Q

Paul Ehrlich discovered this chemotherapeutic agent,

Effective against what

A

Salvarsan, syphilis

58
Q

Penicillin is produced via what

Think Alexander Fleming

A

A fungus

Penicillium was the mold he found contaminating and inhibiting microbial growth on his plate

59
Q

Who first observed cells

A

Robert hook

60
Q

Biogenesis theory states

A

Living cells can arise only from preexisting cells

61
Q

Pasteur discovering why alcohol spoiled led to the development of

A

Pasteurization (kills bacteria present)

62
Q

Showing the connection between food spoilage and microorganisms was a major step towards

A

Establishing the relationship between disease and microbes

63
Q

Jospeh lister applied the ______ theory to medical procedures

A

Germ theory of disease

64
Q

How Robert Koch proved germ theory

A

Cultured bacteria from cattle that died of anthrax, injected into healthy animals, isolated their bacteria and compared the two

65
Q

Edward Jenner discoverer vaccines but who discovered why this worked and coined term vaccine

A

Pasteur

66
Q

What ehrlich means by a “magic bullet”

A

Something that could hunt down and destroy pathogen without harming infected host

Microbiology (21 decks)

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