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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Smallest component of a pure substance

A

Atom

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2
Q

Interacting atoms (chem bonds) form this, make up living cells

A

Molecules

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3
Q

Science of interactions between atoms and molecules

A

Chemistry

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4
Q

Atomic # is = to

A

Proton #

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5
Q

Atomic weight is = to

A

P# + N#

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6
Q

Atoms w identical # of protons, all behave the same way

A

Element

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7
Q

A molecule w at least 2 different kinds of atoms

A

Compound

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8
Q

The 13 major elements of living organisms

A

C. HOPKINS Mg CaFe (loves) Na

Charlie Hopkins manages a cafe, loves salt

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9
Q

Atoms have gained or lost electrons, the attraction between opposite charges is known as

A

An ionic bond

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10
Q

Sharing of electrons is what kind of bond

A

Covalent

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11
Q

A hydrogen atom that is bonded covalently to an I or O, is attracted to another O or N

A

Hydrogen bond

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12
Q

Define an acid

A

Dissociates into one of more H+ ions and one or more neg ions
H+ donor

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13
Q

Define a base

A

Dissociates into 1 or more pos ions, plus one or more OH-

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14
Q

The pH scale measures

A

The amount of H+ in a solution

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15
Q

Dissociates in water into cations and anions, doesn’t give H or OH

A

Salt

NaCl—h2o—> Na + Cl

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16
Q

Compounds that help keep pH from drastically changing

A

pH buffers

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17
Q

Part synthesis, part decomposition reaction

A

Exchange reaction

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18
Q

Building blocks of carbohydrates

A

Simple sugars ( monosaccharides)

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19
Q

Role of carbohydrates

A

Major source of energy in living organisms, fuels cell activity (make ATP). Some sugars needed for cell walls

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20
Q

Structure of simple lipids

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol

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21
Q

Role of lipids

A

Make up plasma membranes, energy storage (Fat)

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22
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

Structural proteins

A

Make up basic structures (muscles)

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24
Q

Functional proteins

A

Facilitate metabolic processes (enzymes)

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25
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Strand of amino acids, peptide bonds “polypeptide strand”

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26
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Polypeptide strand curls becoming double helix, or pleated sheets, H bonds added

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27
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Combo of primary and secondary, 3D structure, catalyze reactions, interactions between various side groups (ex : hydrophobic interaction w nonpolar side groups)

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28
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

More than 1 tertiary structure. Several folded polypeptide chains (2or more)

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29
Q

Role of nucleic acids

A

Store genetic info, form atp and other energy carriers

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30
Q

Building blocks of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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31
Q

What makes up a nucleotide

A

A nitrogen-containing base, a pentose (5-carbon sugar, deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate group

32
Q

The nucleus bears an overall _____ charge

A

Positive (Bc it’s made up of protons and neutrons)

33
Q

Opposite charges _____ each other (repel or attract)

A

Attract

34
Q

Isotopes of an element have the same number of ____ in nucleus, but different number of ______

A

Different number of neutrons
Same number of protons
(Same atomic #, different Atomic weight )

35
Q

16
C
8

What each number represents

A 
16= weight
8= atomic #
36
Q

The 4th 5th and 6th electron shells can hold how many electrons

A

18

37
Q

The inner most electron shell can can hold

The 2nd and 3rd can hold

A

2

8

38
Q

Why atoms want the outer most electron shell filled

A

Chemically Stable

39
Q

What an atoms valence number means

A

Number of extra or missing electrons in outermost electron shell
Extra meaning to become stable should lose, missing meaning empty shells only needs a couple more to become stable

40
Q

A negatively or positively charged atom (gained or lost electrons) is called

A

An ion

41
Q

The strongest and most common type of bond

A

Covalent

42
Q

In an H2O molecule, the e tend to be closest to which nucleus

A

Oxygen

43
Q

The O in H2O has a slightly _____ charge

A

Negative charge (Bc e tend to be closer to O nucleus)

44
Q

2 elements most frequently involved in hydrogen bonding

A

Oxygen and nitrogen

45
Q

Weaker versions of these bonds are important in antigen-antibody reactions

A

Ionic

46
Q

What is a biochemical reaction

A

Chemical reaction in a living system

47
Q

What pH stands for

A

Potential hydrogen

48
Q

Each number represents a _____ fold change in concentration

A

10 fold ( ph of 1 has 10 x more H ions than 2, 100x more than 3 )

49
Q

How to calculate pH of a solution

A

-log [ H*]

50
Q

Most organisms grow best in environments w a ph of

A

6.5-8.5

51
Q

When a water molecule is released after a reaction it is called

A

Dehydration synthesis (or condensation reaction)

52
Q

Deoxyribose is a _____ that is used in DNA

A

Sugar (carbohydrate) (pentose)

53
Q

Examples of monosaccharides (a kind of carbohydrate)

A

Tetrose (4-carbon sugar), pentode (5-carbon sugar), etc

54
Q

When 2 monosaccharides bond in a dehydration synthesis

A

Disaccharides

55
Q

Disaccharides can be broken down via this reaction

A

Hydrolysis ( add water)

56
Q

Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbs

A

2:1

57
Q

Lipids are (polar or nonpolar)

A

Non : don’t have positive and negative end, insoluble in water

58
Q

Structure of a fatty acid

A

Long hydrocarbon (just h and c) chains ending in a carboxyl group -cooh

59
Q

What makes up a glycerol

A

3C atoms, 3 hydroxyl groups (-oh)

60
Q

The number of fatty acid molecules determine if lipid is

A

Monoglyceride, diglyceride, or tri

61
Q

Difference between saturated and non saturated fatty acid

A

Saturated- no double bonds (become solid more easily)

Un- double bonds, create kinks

62
Q

Structure of complex lipids

A

A glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

63
Q

Complex lipids are also called

A

Phospholipids

64
Q

To create a phospholipid bilayer (plasma membrane) phospholipid molecules turn themselves so that

A

Polar (hydrophilic) parts face water molecules, nonpolar ends (hydrophobic) face inwards

65
Q

The polar potion of a phospholipid

The nonpolar portion

A

Polar- phosphate group & glycerol

Non- fatty acid

66
Q

Enzymes are what kind of macromolecule

A

Protein

67
Q

What makes an amino acid

A

At least 1 carboxyl group
(-COOH), one amino group
(-NH2), an alpha carbon (in center) , an R group

68
Q

Difference between A G nucleotides and T C U

A

AG- double ringed structure (a purine)

T C U- single ringed (pyrimidine)

69
Q

As ph increases, what increases

A

OH concentration (more acidic =more H, more basic = more OH)

70
Q

_____ do best in acidic conditions

_____ do best in alkaline

A

Fungi

Cyanobacteria (prokaryotes)

71
Q

What makes polysaccharides different from mono and disaccharides

A

Lack sweetness, usually not soluble in water

72
Q

Chitin (of a fungal cell wall) is made of

A

Polysaccharides

73
Q

Living cells are mostly composed of

A

Proteins

74
Q

Other functions of proteins besides functional and structural

A

Integral parts of cell structures, hormones (regulatory functions)

75
Q

For every peptide bond formed between amino acids, ___ is released

A

H2O (dehydration synthesis)

76
Q

A polypeptide refers to how many amino acids peptide bound

A

10-2000

Microbiology (21 decks)

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