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Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Kilo meter = 10^ — of a m

A

10^3 (1000m)

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2
Q

1 decimeter = 10^ — of a Meter

A

10^-1 (.1m)

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3
Q

1 centimeter = 10^— m

A

10^- 2 (.01) m

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4
Q

1 millimeter = 10^— m

A

10^ -3 (.001 m )

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5
Q

1 micrometer = 10^—- m

A

10^ -6 (.000001)m

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6
Q

1 nanometer = 10^—-

A

10^-9 m

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7
Q

1 picometer = 10^— m

A

10^-12 m

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8
Q

Larger to smaller conversion number (increases or decrease)

A

Increase

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9
Q

What the ocular lens does

A

(Eyepiece) remagnifies image formed by objective lens

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10
Q

Body tube, what it does

A

Transmitts image from obj lens to ocular lens

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11
Q

Primary lenses that magnify specimen

A

Objective lenses

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12
Q

Part of microscope that holds slide

A

Stage

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13
Q

What the condenser does

A

Focuses light thro specimen

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14
Q

What the iris diaphragm does

A

Controls amount of light entering condenser

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15
Q

The light source on the microscope is called the

A

Illuminator

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16
Q

Define magnification

A

How large something appears when compared to actual size

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17
Q

Define resolution

A

Ability of light microscope to distinguish fine details (or distinguish two points a specified distance apart)

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18
Q

Total magnification =

A

Magnification of ocular lens (10x) x obj lens

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19
Q

Ability of subs to bend light

A

Refractive index

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20
Q

Why we use immersion oil

A

Oil has same refractive index as glass, without it the light would refract and be lost

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21
Q

What is a smear

A

Single layer of cells on slide

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22
Q

What is does fixing mean (step in creating stain)

A

Apply heat briefly to underside of slide, attaches cells to slide

23
Q

How to create a simple stain

A
  1. Create smear
  2. Fixing
  3. Stain
  4. Rinse primary stain off and expose to mordant
24
Q

define staining (how it works)

A

When a salt dissociates into cation and anion, stain is attached to one of them

25
Q

If the pigment is attached to the cation the dye is called

A

A positive chromophore, “basic dye”

26
Q

If the pigment is attached to the anion, the dye is called

A

Negative chromophore, “acidic dye”

27
Q

What is a mordant (give example)

A

Anything that increases affinity of primary stain to cells (increases ability to stick), like heat

Also coats structures (like flagella) to make easier to see

28
Q

A simple stain + several other steps used to distinguish between cell types

A

Differential stain

29
Q

Different kinds of differential stains

A

Gram stain, acid fast stain

30
Q

Describe how to do a gram stain

A
  1. Primary stain, crystal violet (all steps included) apply iodine mordant
  2. Add decolorizer (alcohol) to remove primary stain from some cells
  3. Add counter stain safranin
31
Q

In a gram stain, the recolorized cells are gram neg or pos

Bacteria that retain the color during decolonization are

A 
Gram negative ( lose color during decolonization ) 
Gram positive
32
Q

Acid fast stain procedure

A
  1. primary stain w/ carbolfuchsin, heat applied
  2. Decolorize (acid alcohol, removed red stain from bacteria that are not acid fast)
  3. Counter stain (methylene blue) stains non acid fast
33
Q

Acid fast stains are used to

A

Identify mycobacterium or Norcardia bacteria, Bc have waxy material in cell wall that stain binds to

34
Q

What is a negative staining

A

Mix bacteria solution w suspension of colored particles (India ink or nigrosin) to create contrasting background, dye bacteria w simple stain (safranin) capsules won’t retain dye, appear as halos

35
Q

What a negative stain can tell us ab a bacteria

A

Presence of a capsule, therefore virulence

36
Q

What is an endospore

A

When cell detects adverse environmental conditions, forms an endospore within it that protects it from conditions

37
Q

How to endospore stain

A
  1. Primary stain(malachite green), heat(stream 5min), rinse. Dyes the endospores
  2. Counterstain=safranin, stains all other cell parts except endospores (pink/red)
38
Q

Why capsules of a negative stain appear as halos surrounding cells

A

Capsules don’t accept most biological dyes

39
Q

Flagella stain procedure

A

Primary stain (carbolfuchsin) and mordant applied over and over again. Layers build up on flagella like mascara

40
Q

The short the wave length of the light, the ______ the resolution

A

Greater

41
Q

Light passing thro two different materials, w two different refractive indexes, would cause the light to

A

Bend

42
Q

In an acid fast stain, the bacteria who lose color during decolorization (appear blue after recolor)

A

Are non-acid fast, lack lipid components in cell wall.

43
Q

In an acidfast stain, the bacteria that retain color during decolorization (red)

A

Are acid fast, contain lipid in cell wall (carbolfuchsin more soluble in cell walls than in acid alcohol)

44
Q

Differential stains are

A

Gram or acid fast stain

45
Q

Primary stain for acid fast stain
Mordant
Decolorizer
Counter stain

A

Primary: carbolfuchsin (red)
Mordant: heat
Decolorizer: acid alcohol
Counter: methylene blue

46
Q

Stains and decolorizers for gram stain in order

A
  • crystal violet (primary)
  • iodine (mordant)
  • alcohol acetone (decolorizer)
  • safranin (counter stain)
47
Q

Special stains

A

Negative, endospore, flagella

48
Q

Which stains use safranin

Which use carbolfuchsin

A

Safranin: gram, endospore, negative,
Carbolfuchsin: acid fast, flagella

49
Q

Obj power magnifications

A

Scanning= 4x
Low=10x
High =40x
Oil= 100x

50
Q

Negative staining often uses what kind of dye

A

Acid dye

51
Q

Why gram neg bacteria lose color during gram stain (don’t retain crystal violet)

A

Alcohol disrupts outer lipopplysaccaride layer, Less peptidoglycan in cell wall, Crystal violet iodine complex washed out

52
Q

Which is harder to kill, gram positive or gram negative bacteria

A

Negative (have more impenetrable walls and an outer membrane surrounding wall)

53
Q

Why gram positive don’t lose crystal violet iodine complex

A

CV-I complex bigger than the CV molecule that entered the cell, can’t be washed out of intact thick peptidoglycan layer

Microbiology (21 decks)

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