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Anatomy > Fall Exam > Flashcards

Fall Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are body cavities?

A
  • open spaces in the human body
  • filled with organs and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty
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2
Q

Human anatomy and physiology is the study of …

A

the structure and function of the human body

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3
Q

What is the order of the levels of organization of the human body

A

atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism

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4
Q

what are the five environmental requirements to maintain life

A

water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure

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5
Q

what are the 2 main body cavities

A

dorsal and ventral

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6
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity

A

cranial and vertebral

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7
Q

what human body organs are found in the cranial cavity?

A

Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)

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8
Q

what human body organs are found in the vertebral cavity?

A

spinal cord

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9
Q

what are the three subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

A

thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity,, and pelvic cavity

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10
Q

what human body organs are found in the thoracic cavity

A

lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland

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11
Q

What human body organs are found in the abdominal cavity

A

appendix, stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidney, adrenal gland, ureters

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12
Q

What human body organs are found in the pelvic cavity

A

urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries

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13
Q

Vicera are _____ especially in the ___ and ___

A

Internal organs of the body
thoracic and abdominal

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14
Q

what are some visceral organs

A

stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys, liver

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15
Q

What are the top 7 elements in the human body?

A

Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)

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16
Q

What are the next 4 most abundant elements in the body?

A

Sulfur (S)
Chlorine (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)

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17
Q

What are the trace elements?

A

Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
F
Zn
I

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18
Q

What are the names of the following elements?
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
Zn
I
F

A

chromium
manganese
iron
cobalt
copper
zinc
iodine
fluorine

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19
Q

How can you determine if an element is an ion

A

there are a different number of protons and electrons

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20
Q

Where are metals on the periodic table

A

left of the metalloid line including hydrogen

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21
Q

where are metalloids located on the periodic table

A

the 6 diagonal elements

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22
Q

where are the non-metals located on the periodic table

A

right of the metalloid line including hydrogen

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23
Q

How do you know if an element is a gas at room temperature?

A

red

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24
Q

How do you know if an element is a solid at room temperature?

A

black

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25
Q

How do you know if an element is a liquid at room temperature?

A

blue

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26
Q

How do you determine if an element is stable

A

an atom that has its outside energy level full of electrons

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27
Q

How do you determine if an element is neutral

A

an element is neutral when the number of electrons and protons are the same

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28
Q

How do you determine the number of protons

A

the atomic number

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29
Q

How do you determine if an element is an isotope

A

the mass number is a decimal

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30
Q

how many electrons can each energy level hold

A

2
8
18
32

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31
Q

What is an atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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32
Q

atomic mass number

A

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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33
Q

What is period #

A

tells how many energy levels an atom has

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34
Q

What does the Roman numeral tell us

A

how many electrons are in the outer shell of an atom (valence electrons)

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35
Q

How do you determine the number of neutrons

A

mass # - atomic #

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36
Q

What is group #

A

the numbers across the top of the table

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37
Q

How do you know if something is the most common isotope of that atom?

A

its atomic mass number is close to the average atomic mass

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38
Q

What is a organic substance

A

a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

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39
Q

Do organic substances dissolve in water

A

not usually

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40
Q

what happens if an organic substances does dissolve in water?

A

they do not usually release ions

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41
Q

What are the types of organic substances in cells?

A

Carbohydrates (often referred to as sugars)
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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42
Q

What is the composition of carbohydrates

A

atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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43
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates

A

primary source of ATP

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44
Q

What are some examples of carbohydrates

A

glucose
lactose
sucrose
fructose

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45
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates

A

6 carbon sugars (also known as monosaccharides) - hexoses

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46
Q

What is the composition of lipids

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen not 1:2:1 (sometimes phosphorus)

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47
Q

What are the functions of lipids

A

provide cell structure - plasma membrane
also a source for ATP production

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48
Q

What is the composition of nucleic acids

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

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49
Q

What are the functions of nucleic acids

A

contains genetic information, forms genes, and takes part in protein synthesis

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50
Q

What are some examples of nucleic acids

A

DNA - deoxyribose and double helix
RNA - ribose and single stranded

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51
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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52
Q

What is the composition of proteins

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur

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53
Q

What are the functions of proteins

A

function as structural materials, energy sources, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones

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54
Q

What are some examples of proteins

A

keratin, collagen, fibrin, hemoglobin, enzymes

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55
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids (20)

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56
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids (fats)

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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57
Q

What are some examples of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

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58
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids (phospholipids)

A

similar to fats except one glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains

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59
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids (steroids)

A

4 connected rings of carbon atoms

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59
Q

What are some examples of lipids (steroids)

A

cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D

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60
Q

Carbohydrates are often called _____

A

sugars

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61
Q

sugars with 6-carbon atoms are known as _____ also known as “_____”

A

simple sugars
monosaccharides

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62
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

63
Q

simple sugars combine to form more complex sugars called _____ or _____

A

disaccharides
polysaccharides

64
Q

Disaccharides are _____ while polysaccharides are _____

A

double sugars
many sugars linked together

65
Q

What are examples of disaccarides

A

sucrose and lactose

66
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

plant starch, glycogen

67
Q

What is the chemical formula formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

68
Q

What is the chemical formula for sucrose?

A

C12H22O11

69
Q

Are lipids insoluble in water?

A

yes

70
Q

fats have what kind of fatty acids?

A

saturated and unsaturated

71
Q

Which has more energy per gram: fats or carbohydrates

A

fats

72
Q

What do phospholipids do?

A

they are an important structure in the plasma membrane of cells

73
Q

What makes proteins different from each other?

A

unique conformation (shape)

74
Q

What do nucleotides contain?

A

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base

75
Q

Proteins have a unique _____

A

conformation

76
Q

WHat are inorganic substances?

A

substances that do not contain both C and H

77
Q

can inorganic substances dissolve in water?

A

yes, when they dissolve in water or react with water they release ions (electrolytes)

78
Q

what are the types of inorganic substances in cells?

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts

79
Q

what is the most abundant compound in living material

A

water

80
Q

water is the major component of…

A

blood and other body fluids

81
Q

how is oxygen transported throughout the body?

A

blood (erythrocytes)

82
Q

when is oxygen used

A

in cellular respiration to produce ATP

83
Q

what is carbon dioxide

A

the waste product of cellular respiration

84
Q

where are salts abundant

A

tissues and fluids

85
Q

what do salts provide for the boyd

A

many necessary ions

86
Q

what are some examples of ions

A

calcium ions, sodium ions, chlorine ions, magnesium ions, potassium ions, phosphate ions

87
Q

what is the difference between the 2 types of cells

A

prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells do

88
Q

what are the main structures of a cell

A

plasma/cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm/organells

89
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane

A

protection
semi-permeable
communication

90
Q

why is one of the functions of the plasma membrane protection?

A

it serves as a barrier from the outside of a cell

91
Q

why is one of the functions of the plasma membrane semi-permeable?

A

allows only certain molecules to enter or exit

92
Q

why is one of the functions of the plasma membrane communication?

A

allows cells to talk to their surroundings

93
Q

what is the composition of the plasma membrane

A

lipids (phospholipids)
proteins
carbohydrate chains
some cholesterol

94
Q

what do phospholipid molecules do for the plasma membrane

A
  • double layer that acts as the barrier for the cell
  • allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids to enter and exit but few other molecules can get through this layer
95
Q

What are the three cell surface proteins

A

marker protein
channel protein
receptor protein

96
Q

what do marker proteins do

A

identify the cell

97
Q

what do channel proteins do

A

allows specific molecules to enter and exit

98
Q

what do receptor proteins do

A

allows cells to communicate

99
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

the area inside the cell surrounding the nucleus

100
Q

what is found inside the cytoplasm

A

organelles and a fluid called cytosol

101
Q

what is contained inside the nucleus

A

DNA and the nucleolus

102
Q

what does the nucleolus do

A

produces ribosomes

103
Q

the nucleus is enclosed by the

A

nuclear membrane

104
Q

how is the nuclear membrane similar to the plasma membrane

A

they act the same and have the same composition

105
Q

What are organelles

A

small structures in a cell that perform specific function to keep the cell in homeostasis

106
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

houses the genetic material (DNA), which directs all cell activities

107
Q

where is the nucleus located

A

n the cytoplasm enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope

108
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomes form in the nucleolus then migrate through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm

108
Q

where is the nucleolus located?

A

nucleoplasm in the nucleus

109
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Provide structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins

110
Q

where are ribosomes located?

A

Scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to the ER

111
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Extract energy from the nutrients in digested food

112
Q

where is the mitochondria located

A

cytoplasm

113
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A
  • Maintain the acidic pH that enables the enzymes to function and shield the rest of the cell from the acidic conditions
  • digest waste materials and cellular debris using enzymes
  • recycle damaged organelles and help defend against pathogens
114
Q

where are lysosomes located?

A

Cytoplasm near the ER and Golgi apparatus

115
Q

What is the function of cilia

A
  • Moves fluids, such as mucus, over the surface of certain tissues
  • early in development, beating cilia control the movements of cells as they join to form organs
  • some have receptors that detect molecules that signal sensations to cells
    (cilia on cells deep in the nasal cavity assist in the sense of smell)
116
Q

where are cilia located

A

anchored beneath the cell membrane

117
Q

What is the function of flagella

A

Movies in a wave, which begins at its base, that allows the cell to “swim”

118
Q

where are flagella located

A

Base of a sperm cell

119
Q

What is the function of centrosomes

A

Contains centrioles and microtubules

120
Q

where are centrosomes located

A

Near a Golgi apparatus and the nucleus

121
Q

how do molecules enter and exit through the plasma membrane

A

passive and active transport

122
Q

what is passive transport

A

no energy is used by the cell

123
Q

what are the types of passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

124
Q

what is active transport

A

cells energy must be used

125
Q

what are the types of active transport

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

126
Q

how much of the cell’s energy must be used in active transport

A

40%

127
Q

what is diffusion

A

when molecules move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane

128
Q

how do molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids enter and exit the cell?

A

diffusion

129
Q

what is osmosis

A

when molecules of water move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane

130
Q

How are diffusion and osmosis comparable?

A

the moving of high concentration to low concentration is the same, but water moves through pores in the membrane not directly through phospholipid bilayer

131
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

when molecules are too large to enter or exit by normal means and instead have to enter or exit through special carrier proteins

132
Q

in facilitated diffusion, is movement from high to low or low to high

A

high to low

133
Q

how do glucose and some ions have to enter the cell

A

facilitated diffusion

134
Q

what is filtration

A

molecules are forced from regions of higher pressure to lower pressure

135
Q

does filtration occur from high to low pressure or low to high

A

it doesn’t matter

136
Q

how does water leave capillaries

A

filtration

137
Q

what are the two types of active transport systems?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

138
Q

what is endocytosis

A

the movement of molecules in though the plasma membrane, usually too large to enter any other way

139
Q

what are the three kinds of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

140
Q

what is exocytosis

A

the movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane, that are usually too large to exit by itself

141
Q

How many chemical changes are required for cells to perform metabolic reactions?

A

hundreds

142
Q

Cells perform metabolic reactions that take hundreds of chemical changes that happen in a fast in orderly manner thanks to _____

A

enzymes

143
Q

What allows cells to perform metabolic reactions in a fast and orderly manner

A

enzymes

144
Q

without _____, reactions in cells would not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis

A

enzymes

145
Q

Why would a cell not stay in homeostasis without enzymes

A

the body temperature would not be high enough

146
Q

Metabolic reactions need _____ to happen

A

energy (ATP)

147
Q

Enzymes are _____. Enzymes are _____ that work by _____ and speed the rates of _____

A

catalysts
proteins
lowering the activation energy
chemical reactions

148
Q

Are enzymes consumed in their function to speed the rates of the reaction?

A

no

149
Q

does each enzyme act on any substrate on one specific substrate

A

one specific substrate

150
Q

What allows an enzyme to recognize its substrate

A

conformation

151
Q

When the substrate changes because the enzyme acted, _____ and a _____ is formed

A

the reaction has taken place
new product

152
Q

are enzymatic reactions reversible?

A

many are

152
Q

Every cell contains _____ enzymes to help complete reactions

A

hundreds of

153
Q

What does the rate/speed of enzyme-controlled reactions depend on?

A

of enzymes and substrate molecules in the cell

how many substrates an individual enzyme can process per second

154
Q

how many substrates can an individual enzyme process per second

A

some can only process a few while others can process thousands per second

Anatomy (13 decks)

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