Fall Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are body cavities?
A
- open spaces in the human body
- filled with organs and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty
2
Q
Human anatomy and physiology is the study of …
A
the structure and function of the human body
3
Q
What is the order of the levels of organization of the human body
A
atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
4
Q
what are the five environmental requirements to maintain life
A
water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure
5
Q
what are the 2 main body cavities
A
dorsal and ventral
6
Q
what are the two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity
A
cranial and vertebral
7
Q
what human body organs are found in the cranial cavity?
A
Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)
8
Q
what human body organs are found in the vertebral cavity?
A
spinal cord
9
Q
what are the three subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
A
thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity,, and pelvic cavity
10
Q
what human body organs are found in the thoracic cavity
A
lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland
11
Q
What human body organs are found in the abdominal cavity
A
appendix, stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidney, adrenal gland, ureters
12
Q
What human body organs are found in the pelvic cavity
A
urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries
13
Q
Vicera are _____ especially in the ___ and ___
A
Internal organs of the body
thoracic and abdominal
14
Q
what are some visceral organs
A
stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys, liver
15
Q
What are the top 7 elements in the human body?
A
Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
16
Q
What are the next 4 most abundant elements in the body?
A
Sulfur (S)
Chlorine (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)
17
Q
What are the trace elements?
A
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
F
Zn
I
18
Q
What are the names of the following elements?
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
Zn
I
F
A
chromium
manganese
iron
cobalt
copper
zinc
iodine
fluorine
19
Q
How can you determine if an element is an ion
A
there are a different number of protons and electrons
20
Q
Where are metals on the periodic table
A
left of the metalloid line including hydrogen
21
Q
where are metalloids located on the periodic table
A
the 6 diagonal elements
22
Q
where are the non-metals located on the periodic table
A
right of the metalloid line including hydrogen
23
Q
How do you know if an element is a gas at room temperature?
A
red
24
Q
How do you know if an element is a solid at room temperature?
A
black
25
How do you know if an element is a liquid at room temperature?
blue
26
How do you determine if an element is stable
an atom that has its outside energy level full of electrons
27
How do you determine if an element is neutral
an element is neutral when the number of electrons and protons are the same
28
How do you determine the number of protons
the atomic number
29
How do you determine if an element is an isotope
the mass number is a decimal
30
how many electrons can each energy level hold
2
8
18
32
31
What is an atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
32
atomic mass number
the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
33
What is period #
tells how many energy levels an atom has
34
What does the Roman numeral tell us
how many electrons are in the outer shell of an atom (valence electrons)
35
How do you determine the number of neutrons
mass # - atomic #
36
What is group #
the numbers across the top of the table
37
How do you know if something is the most common isotope of that atom?
its atomic mass number is close to the average atomic mass
38
What is a organic substance
a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen
39
Do organic substances dissolve in water
not usually
40
what happens if an organic substances does dissolve in water?
they do not usually release ions
41
What are the types of organic substances in cells?
Carbohydrates (often referred to as sugars)
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
42
What is the composition of carbohydrates
atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
43
What are the functions of carbohydrates
primary source of ATP
44
What are some examples of carbohydrates
glucose
lactose
sucrose
fructose
45
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates
6 carbon sugars (also known as monosaccharides) - hexoses
46
What is the composition of lipids
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen not 1:2:1 (sometimes phosphorus)
47
What are the functions of lipids
provide cell structure - plasma membrane
also a source for ATP production
48
What is the composition of nucleic acids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
49
What are the functions of nucleic acids
contains genetic information, forms genes, and takes part in protein synthesis
50
What are some examples of nucleic acids
DNA - deoxyribose and double helix
RNA - ribose and single stranded
51
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
52
What is the composition of proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
53
What are the functions of proteins
function as structural materials, energy sources, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones
54
What are some examples of proteins
keratin, collagen, fibrin, hemoglobin, enzymes
55
What are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids (20)
56
What are the building blocks of lipids (fats)
glycerol and fatty acids
57
What are some examples of lipids
fats, phospholipids, and steroids
58
What are the building blocks of lipids (phospholipids)
similar to fats except one glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains
59
What are the building blocks of lipids (steroids)
4 connected rings of carbon atoms
59
What are some examples of lipids (steroids)
cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D
60
Carbohydrates are often called _____
sugars
61
sugars with 6-carbon atoms are known as _____ also known as "_____"
simple sugars
monosaccharides
62
What are some examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
63
simple sugars combine to form more complex sugars called _____ or _____
disaccharides
polysaccharides
64
Disaccharides are _____ while polysaccharides are _____
double sugars
many sugars linked together
65
What are examples of disaccarides
sucrose and lactose
66
What are examples of polysaccharides?
plant starch, glycogen
67
What is the chemical formula formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
68
What is the chemical formula for sucrose?
C12H22O11
69
Are lipids insoluble in water?
yes
70
fats have what kind of fatty acids?
saturated and unsaturated
71
Which has more energy per gram: fats or carbohydrates
fats
72
What do phospholipids do?
they are an important structure in the plasma membrane of cells
73
What makes proteins different from each other?
unique conformation (shape)
74
What do nucleotides contain?
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
75
Proteins have a unique _____
conformation
76
WHat are inorganic substances?
substances that do not contain both C and H
77
can inorganic substances dissolve in water?
yes, when they dissolve in water or react with water they release ions (electrolytes)
78
what are the types of inorganic substances in cells?
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts
79
what is the most abundant compound in living material
water
80
water is the major component of...
blood and other body fluids
81
how is oxygen transported throughout the body?
blood (erythrocytes)
82
when is oxygen used
in cellular respiration to produce ATP
83
what is carbon dioxide
the waste product of cellular respiration
84
where are salts abundant
tissues and fluids
85
what do salts provide for the boyd
many necessary ions
86
what are some examples of ions
calcium ions, sodium ions, chlorine ions, magnesium ions, potassium ions, phosphate ions
87
what is the difference between the 2 types of cells
prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells do
88
what are the main structures of a cell
plasma/cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm/organells
89
what is the function of the plasma membrane
protection
semi-permeable
communication
90
why is one of the functions of the plasma membrane protection?
it serves as a barrier from the outside of a cell
91
why is one of the functions of the plasma membrane semi-permeable?
allows only certain molecules to enter or exit
92
why is one of the functions of the plasma membrane communication?
allows cells to talk to their surroundings
93
what is the composition of the plasma membrane
lipids (phospholipids)
proteins
carbohydrate chains
some cholesterol
94
what do phospholipid molecules do for the plasma membrane
- double layer that acts as the barrier for the cell
- allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids to enter and exit but few other molecules can get through this layer
95
What are the three cell surface proteins
marker protein
channel protein
receptor protein
96
what do marker proteins do
identify the cell
97
what do channel proteins do
allows specific molecules to enter and exit
98
what do receptor proteins do
allows cells to communicate
99
what is the cytoplasm
the area inside the cell surrounding the nucleus
100
what is found inside the cytoplasm
organelles and a fluid called cytosol
101
what is contained inside the nucleus
DNA and the nucleolus
102
what does the nucleolus do
produces ribosomes
103
the nucleus is enclosed by the
nuclear membrane
104
how is the nuclear membrane similar to the plasma membrane
they act the same and have the same composition
105
What are organelles
small structures in a cell that perform specific function to keep the cell in homeostasis
106
What is the function of the nucleus?
houses the genetic material (DNA), which directs all cell activities
107
where is the nucleus located
n the cytoplasm enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope
108
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Ribosomes form in the nucleolus then migrate through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm
108
where is the nucleolus located?
nucleoplasm in the nucleus
109
What is the function of ribosomes
Provide structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins
110
where are ribosomes located?
Scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to the ER
111
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Extract energy from the nutrients in digested food
112
where is the mitochondria located
cytoplasm
113
What is the function of lysosomes?
- Maintain the acidic pH that enables the enzymes to function and shield the rest of the cell from the acidic conditions
- digest waste materials and cellular debris using enzymes
- recycle damaged organelles and help defend against pathogens
114
where are lysosomes located?
Cytoplasm near the ER and Golgi apparatus
115
What is the function of cilia
- Moves fluids, such as mucus, over the surface of certain tissues
- early in development, beating cilia control the movements of cells as they join to form organs
- some have receptors that detect molecules that signal sensations to cells
(cilia on cells deep in the nasal cavity assist in the sense of smell)
116
where are cilia located
anchored beneath the cell membrane
117
What is the function of flagella
Movies in a wave, which begins at its base, that allows the cell to “swim”
118
where are flagella located
Base of a sperm cell
119
What is the function of centrosomes
Contains centrioles and microtubules
120
where are centrosomes located
Near a Golgi apparatus and the nucleus
121
how do molecules enter and exit through the plasma membrane
passive and active transport
122
what is passive transport
no energy is used by the cell
123
what are the types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration
124
what is active transport
cells energy must be used
125
what are the types of active transport
endocytosis and exocytosis
126
how much of the cell's energy must be used in active transport
40%
127
what is diffusion
when molecules move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell's membrane
128
how do molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids enter and exit the cell?
diffusion
129
what is osmosis
when molecules of water move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell's membrane
130
How are diffusion and osmosis comparable?
the moving of high concentration to low concentration is the same, but water moves through pores in the membrane not directly through phospholipid bilayer
131
what is facilitated diffusion
when molecules are too large to enter or exit by normal means and instead have to enter or exit through special carrier proteins
132
in facilitated diffusion, is movement from high to low or low to high
high to low
133
how do glucose and some ions have to enter the cell
facilitated diffusion
134
what is filtration
molecules are forced from regions of higher pressure to lower pressure
135
does filtration occur from high to low pressure or low to high
it doesn't matter
136
how does water leave capillaries
filtration
137
what are the two types of active transport systems?
endocytosis and exocytosis
138
what is endocytosis
the movement of molecules in though the plasma membrane, usually too large to enter any other way
139
what are the three kinds of endocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
140
what is exocytosis
the movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane, that are usually too large to exit by itself
141
How many chemical changes are required for cells to perform metabolic reactions?
hundreds
142
Cells perform metabolic reactions that take hundreds of chemical changes that happen in a fast in orderly manner thanks to _____
enzymes
143
What allows cells to perform metabolic reactions in a fast and orderly manner
enzymes
144
without _____, reactions in cells would not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis
enzymes
145
Why would a cell not stay in homeostasis without enzymes
the body temperature would not be high enough
146
Metabolic reactions need _____ to happen
energy (ATP)
147
Enzymes are _____. Enzymes are _____ that work by _____ and speed the rates of _____
catalysts
proteins
lowering the activation energy
chemical reactions
148
Are enzymes consumed in their function to speed the rates of the reaction?
no
149
does each enzyme act on any substrate on one specific substrate
one specific substrate
150
What allows an enzyme to recognize its substrate
conformation
151
When the substrate changes because the enzyme acted, _____ and a _____ is formed
the reaction has taken place
new product
152
are enzymatic reactions reversible?
many are
152
Every cell contains _____ enzymes to help complete reactions
hundreds of
153
What does the rate/speed of enzyme-controlled reactions depend on?
# of enzymes and substrate molecules in the cell
how many substrates an individual enzyme can process per second
154
how many substrates can an individual enzyme process per second
some can only process a few while others can process thousands per second
