Fall Exam Flashcards
What are body cavities?
- open spaces in the human body
- filled with organs and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty
Human anatomy and physiology is the study of …
the structure and function of the human body
What is the order of the levels of organization of the human body
atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
what are the five environmental requirements to maintain life
water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure
what are the 2 main body cavities
dorsal and ventral
what are the two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity
cranial and vertebral
what human body organs are found in the cranial cavity?
Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)
what human body organs are found in the vertebral cavity?
spinal cord
what are the three subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity,, and pelvic cavity
what human body organs are found in the thoracic cavity
lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland
What human body organs are found in the abdominal cavity
appendix, stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidney, adrenal gland, ureters
What human body organs are found in the pelvic cavity
urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries
Vicera are _____ especially in the ___ and ___
Internal organs of the body
thoracic and abdominal
what are some visceral organs
stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys, liver
What are the top 7 elements in the human body?
Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
What are the next 4 most abundant elements in the body?
Sulfur (S)
Chlorine (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)
What are the trace elements?
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
F
Zn
I
What are the names of the following elements?
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
Zn
I
F
chromium
manganese
iron
cobalt
copper
zinc
iodine
fluorine
How can you determine if an element is an ion
there are a different number of protons and electrons
Where are metals on the periodic table
left of the metalloid line including hydrogen
where are metalloids located on the periodic table
the 6 diagonal elements
where are the non-metals located on the periodic table
right of the metalloid line including hydrogen
How do you know if an element is a gas at room temperature?
red
How do you know if an element is a solid at room temperature?
black
How do you know if an element is a liquid at room temperature?
blue
How do you determine if an element is stable
an atom that has its outside energy level full of electrons
How do you determine if an element is neutral
an element is neutral when the number of electrons and protons are the same
How do you determine the number of protons
the atomic number
How do you determine if an element is an isotope
the mass number is a decimal
how many electrons can each energy level hold
2
8
18
32
What is an atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic mass number
the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
What is period #
tells how many energy levels an atom has
What does the Roman numeral tell us
how many electrons are in the outer shell of an atom (valence electrons)
How do you determine the number of neutrons
mass # - atomic #
What is group #
the numbers across the top of the table
How do you know if something is the most common isotope of that atom?
its atomic mass number is close to the average atomic mass
What is a organic substance
a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen
Do organic substances dissolve in water
not usually
what happens if an organic substances does dissolve in water?
they do not usually release ions
What are the types of organic substances in cells?
Carbohydrates (often referred to as sugars)
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
What is the composition of carbohydrates
atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
What are the functions of carbohydrates
primary source of ATP
What are some examples of carbohydrates
glucose
lactose
sucrose
fructose
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates
6 carbon sugars (also known as monosaccharides) - hexoses
What is the composition of lipids
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen not 1:2:1 (sometimes phosphorus)
What are the functions of lipids
provide cell structure - plasma membrane
also a source for ATP production
What is the composition of nucleic acids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
What are the functions of nucleic acids
contains genetic information, forms genes, and takes part in protein synthesis
What are some examples of nucleic acids
DNA - deoxyribose and double helix
RNA - ribose and single stranded
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
What is the composition of proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
What are the functions of proteins
function as structural materials, energy sources, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones
What are some examples of proteins
keratin, collagen, fibrin, hemoglobin, enzymes
What are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids (20)
What are the building blocks of lipids (fats)
glycerol and fatty acids
What are some examples of lipids
fats, phospholipids, and steroids
What are the building blocks of lipids (phospholipids)
similar to fats except one glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains
What are the building blocks of lipids (steroids)
4 connected rings of carbon atoms
What are some examples of lipids (steroids)
cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D
Carbohydrates are often called _____
sugars
sugars with 6-carbon atoms are known as _____ also known as “_____”
simple sugars
monosaccharides
What are some examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
simple sugars combine to form more complex sugars called _____ or _____
disaccharides
polysaccharides
Disaccharides are _____ while polysaccharides are _____
double sugars
many sugars linked together
What are examples of disaccarides
sucrose and lactose
What are examples of polysaccharides?
plant starch, glycogen
What is the chemical formula formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
What is the chemical formula for sucrose?
C12H22O11
Are lipids insoluble in water?
yes
fats have what kind of fatty acids?
saturated and unsaturated
Which has more energy per gram: fats or carbohydrates
fats
What do phospholipids do?
they are an important structure in the plasma membrane of cells
What makes proteins different from each other?
unique conformation (shape)
What do nucleotides contain?
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
Proteins have a unique _____
conformation
WHat are inorganic substances?
substances that do not contain both C and H
can inorganic substances dissolve in water?
yes, when they dissolve in water or react with water they release ions (electrolytes)
what are the types of inorganic substances in cells?
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts
what is the most abundant compound in living material
water
water is the major component of…
blood and other body fluids
how is oxygen transported throughout the body?
blood (erythrocytes)
when is oxygen used
in cellular respiration to produce ATP
what is carbon dioxide
the waste product of cellular respiration
where are salts abundant
tissues and fluids
what do salts provide for the boyd
many necessary ions
what are some examples of ions
calcium ions, sodium ions, chlorine ions, magnesium ions, potassium ions, phosphate ions
what is the difference between the 2 types of cells
prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells do
what are the main structures of a cell
plasma/cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm/organells
what is the function of the plasma membrane
protection
semi-permeable
communication
why is one of the functions of the plasma membrane protection?
it serves as a barrier from the outside of a cell
why is one of the functions of the plasma membrane semi-permeable?
allows only certain molecules to enter or exit
why is one of the functions of the plasma membrane communication?
allows cells to talk to their surroundings
what is the composition of the plasma membrane
lipids (phospholipids)
proteins
carbohydrate chains
some cholesterol
what do phospholipid molecules do for the plasma membrane
- double layer that acts as the barrier for the cell
- allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids to enter and exit but few other molecules can get through this layer
What are the three cell surface proteins
marker protein
channel protein
receptor protein
what do marker proteins do
identify the cell
what do channel proteins do
allows specific molecules to enter and exit
what do receptor proteins do
allows cells to communicate
what is the cytoplasm
the area inside the cell surrounding the nucleus
what is found inside the cytoplasm
organelles and a fluid called cytosol
what is contained inside the nucleus
DNA and the nucleolus
what does the nucleolus do
produces ribosomes
the nucleus is enclosed by the
nuclear membrane
how is the nuclear membrane similar to the plasma membrane
they act the same and have the same composition
What are organelles
small structures in a cell that perform specific function to keep the cell in homeostasis
What is the function of the nucleus?
houses the genetic material (DNA), which directs all cell activities
where is the nucleus located
n the cytoplasm enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Ribosomes form in the nucleolus then migrate through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm
where is the nucleolus located?
nucleoplasm in the nucleus
What is the function of ribosomes
Provide structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins
where are ribosomes located?
Scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to the ER
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Extract energy from the nutrients in digested food
where is the mitochondria located
cytoplasm
What is the function of lysosomes?
- Maintain the acidic pH that enables the enzymes to function and shield the rest of the cell from the acidic conditions
- digest waste materials and cellular debris using enzymes
- recycle damaged organelles and help defend against pathogens
where are lysosomes located?
Cytoplasm near the ER and Golgi apparatus
What is the function of cilia
- Moves fluids, such as mucus, over the surface of certain tissues
- early in development, beating cilia control the movements of cells as they join to form organs
- some have receptors that detect molecules that signal sensations to cells
(cilia on cells deep in the nasal cavity assist in the sense of smell)
where are cilia located
anchored beneath the cell membrane
What is the function of flagella
Movies in a wave, which begins at its base, that allows the cell to “swim”
where are flagella located
Base of a sperm cell
What is the function of centrosomes
Contains centrioles and microtubules
where are centrosomes located
Near a Golgi apparatus and the nucleus
how do molecules enter and exit through the plasma membrane
passive and active transport
what is passive transport
no energy is used by the cell
what are the types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration
what is active transport
cells energy must be used
what are the types of active transport
endocytosis and exocytosis
how much of the cell’s energy must be used in active transport
40%
what is diffusion
when molecules move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane
how do molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids enter and exit the cell?
diffusion
what is osmosis
when molecules of water move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane
How are diffusion and osmosis comparable?
the moving of high concentration to low concentration is the same, but water moves through pores in the membrane not directly through phospholipid bilayer
what is facilitated diffusion
when molecules are too large to enter or exit by normal means and instead have to enter or exit through special carrier proteins
in facilitated diffusion, is movement from high to low or low to high
high to low
how do glucose and some ions have to enter the cell
facilitated diffusion
what is filtration
molecules are forced from regions of higher pressure to lower pressure
does filtration occur from high to low pressure or low to high
it doesn’t matter
how does water leave capillaries
filtration
what are the two types of active transport systems?
endocytosis and exocytosis
what is endocytosis
the movement of molecules in though the plasma membrane, usually too large to enter any other way
what are the three kinds of endocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
what is exocytosis
the movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane, that are usually too large to exit by itself
How many chemical changes are required for cells to perform metabolic reactions?
hundreds
Cells perform metabolic reactions that take hundreds of chemical changes that happen in a fast in orderly manner thanks to _____
enzymes
What allows cells to perform metabolic reactions in a fast and orderly manner
enzymes
without _____, reactions in cells would not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis
enzymes
Why would a cell not stay in homeostasis without enzymes
the body temperature would not be high enough
Metabolic reactions need _____ to happen
energy (ATP)
Enzymes are _____. Enzymes are _____ that work by _____ and speed the rates of _____
catalysts
proteins
lowering the activation energy
chemical reactions
Are enzymes consumed in their function to speed the rates of the reaction?
no
does each enzyme act on any substrate on one specific substrate
one specific substrate
What allows an enzyme to recognize its substrate
conformation
When the substrate changes because the enzyme acted, _____ and a _____ is formed
the reaction has taken place
new product
are enzymatic reactions reversible?
many are
Every cell contains _____ enzymes to help complete reactions
hundreds of
What does the rate/speed of enzyme-controlled reactions depend on?
of enzymes and substrate molecules in the cell
how many substrates an individual enzyme can process per second
how many substrates can an individual enzyme process per second
some can only process a few while others can process thousands per second
