Chapter 6 Flashcards
How are the terms eczema, asthma, and filagrin related?
- a deficiency of a kin protein (filaggrin) sets the stage for developing allergies
- in healthy skin, it is broken down, releasing amino acids that rise to the surface of the skin and block water from leaving the skin, keeping the skin moist
- the wetness and the tight packing of the epidermal cells keep out irritants, disease-causing organisms, and substances that trigger allergic reactions
- when the epidermis is dry and cracked due to deficient filaggrin, allergens can enter and reach deeper skin layers, where they encounter and activate immune system cells, which signal inflammation, resulting in eczema
- later, inhaling the same allergens that once crossed the broken skin provokes an immune response in the airways, causing asthma
The integumentary system is a _____ that have many structures
system of organs
what is included in the integumentary system (9)
skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicle, and arrector pili muscle
______ is the major portion of the integumentary system
skin
the skin is two layers (___ and ___)
epidermis and dermis
there is a third layer of the skin called the _____ (_____)
hypodermis
subcutaneous layer
what do some textbooks refer to the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) as
a layer beneath the skin
the skin contains _____ tissue but the majority of the skin is ___ and ___ tissue
some of all four types of tissues
epithelial
connective
is the skin an organ
yes
skin is sometimes referred to as _____
cutaneous membrane
what is the body’s largest organ by weight
skin
the thickness of the skin varies depending on…
the part of the body the skin covers
age of person
sex
where is the skin the thinnest and thickest
thinnest: eyelids
thickest: palms of hands and soles of feet
a group of tissues that perform a specific function(s)
organ
the study involving the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders
dermatology
the removal of tissue from the body for examination
biopsy
structures/organs that develop from the epidermis
epidermal derivatives
what are examples of epidermal derivatives
hair, nails, glands
What are 7 reasons for the integumentary system
- protect the body by acting as a barrier against external factors and elements
- regulate body temperature
- excrete waste through sweat
- prevent water loss
- houses nerve receptors to sense stimuli like touch, pain, temperature
- immune response
- synthesize vitamin D when certain cells are exposed to UV radiation
how is the integumentary system a physical barrier
how is the integumentary system a pathogen barrier
how is the integumentary system an environmental barrier
how does the integumentary system regulate the body temperature through sweat glands
how does the integumentary system regulate the body temperature through adipose
how does the integumentary system regulate the body temperature through blood vessels
how does the integumentary system regulate the body temperature through arrector pili muscles
when it contracts it creates goosebumps, trapping air, which is a good insulator
how does the integumentary system regulate the body temperature through shivering
the involuntary movement of skeletal muscles produces heat, warming the body
how does the integumentary system prevent water loss in the body
it produces keratin, which keeps water in
What is vitamin D good for
teeth and bones
the epidermis is composed mostly of ___ but also ____
epithelial tissue
other tissues as well
most cells in the epidermis are _____ and _____
squamous and stratified
does the thickness of the epidermis vary?
yes
how thick is the epidermis on the eyelids
0.5mm
what are the superficial cells in the epidermis called
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
What are the majority of the cells in the epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
is the epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
the epidermis has nerve endings sensitive to ___
pressure/ touch
why are the cells in the lower layers of the epidermis living
they receive more nutrients from blood diffusing from the dermis to the lower epidermis
What are the functions of the epidermis
- keeps out pathogens and allergens
- touch sensations
- protection from physical harm (stratified characteristics)
- produces melanin to protect from UV radiation (melanocytes)
- prevents excess water loss of the lower layers of skin
how does the epidermis protect from physical harm
stratified characteristics
how does the epidermis produce melanin to protect from UV radiation
melanocytes
How many layers does the epidermis have
5 distinct individual layers but most areas only have 4
What are the layers of the epidermis
stratum corneum
stratum lucidium
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum germantivum (basale)
what is the most superficial layer of the epidermis
stratum corneum
what layer of the epidermis is mostly absent but is found in areas of thicker skin
stratum lucidium
what is the deepest layer of the epidermis that can reproduce
stratum germantivum (basale)
What are some important cells in the epidermis
keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cellsq
what type of cells compose 90% of the epidermis
keratinocytes
what type of cells compose 8% of the epidermis
melanocytes
what are cells that produce keratin
keratinocytes
what are cells that produce melanin
melanocytes
what are cells that aid the immune system of the skin and are easily damaged by UV radiation
langerhans cells
what are cells that are mechanoreceptors that sense touch
merkel cells
what do mechanoreceptors do
detect small motions and let your brain know where your body parts are and understand your movements
What are receptors
ends of nerves that pick up stimuli
the dermis is composed of _____ but contains ____
connective tissue
all 4 types of tissue
the dermis has dense connective tissue that includes _____ and _____
tough collagen fibers and elastic fibers
what is the thickest layer of the skin
the dermis
is the dermis vascular or avascular
vascular
the dermis is connected to the epidermis by the ____
basement membrane
what is the dermal papillae
where the dermis pushes up
what are the two layers of the dermis
papillary (upper layer)
reticular (lower layer)
the boundary between the epidermis and the dermis is uneven because _____ project inwards and _____ extend in those areas
epidermal ridges
the top of the dermis (dermal papillae)
where do you notice epidermal ridges and the dermal papillae
fingerprints and feet/toes
not noticeable on other parts of the body
the dermis has nerve endings sensitive to
heat, pain, pressure/touch
what kind of nerve endings does the dermis have
thermoreceptors and nocireceptors
what are thermoreceptors
nerve endings sensitive to temperature changes (heat receptors)
what are nocireceptors
nerve endings that respond to pain stimuli
(pain receptors)
What are important cells in the dermis
fibroblasts
macrophages
adipocytes
what are fibroblasts
cells that produce fibers
what are macrophages
cells that engulf other cells/viruses/bacteria
what are adipocytes
cells that produce and store fat
what does the dermis contain
sudoriferous and sebaceous glands
hair follicles
arrector pili muscles
blood vessels
some adipose tissue
what is the hypodermis (subcutaneous later) composed of
mostly connective tissue (mostly adipose)
some nervous tissue
blood vessels
is the hypodermis (subcutaneous later) vascular or avascular
vascular
what are the functions of the hypodermis (subcutaneous later)
insulation
energy storage
protection
what are the ABCDEs of skin cancer detection
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
Evolution
What is asymmetry in skin cancer detection
if one half of a mole does not match the other half
What is border irregularity in skin cancer detection
edges of mole os ragged blurred
What is color in skin cancer detection
if the color varies from one area to another, with shades of tan and brown, sometimes red white or blue
What is diameter in skin cancer detection
moles larger than 6mm circle, larger than pencil eraser
What is evolution in skin cancer detection
any change in color or shape
What kind of cells can skin cancer arise from
non-pigmented epithelial cells
melanocytes
what are skin cancers originating from epithelial cells in deep epidermis called
cutaneous carcinomas
1 in _ people will develop skin cancer
5
___ tend to grow very rapidly
cutaneous melanomas
Cutaneous carcinomas are usually cured with _____
surgical removal or radiation treatment
who is more prone to developing cutaneous carcinomas
light skinned people over the age of 40 who are regularly exposed to sunlight
_____ are pigmented with melanin
cutaneous melanomas
_____ usually have irregular rather than smooth outlines and may feel bumpy
cutaneous melanomas
cutaneous melanomas are caused by…
short, intermittent exposure to high intensity sunlight
how do cutaneous melanomas spread
horizontally through the skin, but eventually may thicken and grow downward, invading deeper tissues
What forms of radiation can trigger skin cancers
UVA and UVB
once the lesion of a cutaneous melanoma thickens and deepens in the skin, is it still treatable?
it becomes difficult to treat, and the survival rate is low
cancers originating from melanocytes are called ____
cutaneous melanomas
_____ is the most common type of skin cancer
cutaneous carcinomas
what causes cutaneous carcinomas
Regular exposure to sunlight
what are the characteristics of cutaneous carcinomas
- hard, scaly growths with reddish bases
- flat or raised and usually firmly adhered to the skin
- most common on the neck, face, or scalp
what are the characteristics of cutaneous melanomas
- irregular rather than smooth outlines
- feels bumpy
- back of limbs
- from normal-appearing skin or mole (nevus)
people of any age can get ____
cutaneous melanomas
someone who usually stays inside with the occasional blistering sunburn can get ____
cutaneous melanomas
____ is typically brown, black, gray, or blue
cutaneous melanomas
what are factors that affect the color of your skin
blood circulation
environmental factors
nutrition
disease or disorders
genetics
how does genetics affect the color of your skin
the type and amount of melanin you make
(eumelanin or pheomelanin)
how do environmental factors affect the color of your skin
UV, cold, wind
how does nutrition affect the color of your skin
b-carotene, a chemical pigment found in some yellow vegetables that can give the skin an orange-to-yellow color
what diseases or disorders can affect the color of your skin
jaundice
albinism
vitiligo
what is jaundice
a condition in which a yellowish color to skin is caused by the release of bilirubin in the epidermis
what is albinism
the inherited inability to produce melanin
what is vitiligo
a partial or complete loss of melanocytes from areas of the skin resulting in irregular white spots/patches
how does blood circulation affect the color of your skin
- cyanosis: a condition in which a bluish skin color
is caused by poor oxygen amounts in the blood - reddish to pinkish skin color caused in lighter complexion skin due to oxygen-rich blood which is red showing through the epidermis
what is melanin
a pigment you produce that gives your skin, hair, and iris of the eye a color
what is melanin produced by
cells called melanocytes inside organelles called melanosomes
does everyone have the same number of melanocytes
yes
if everyone has the same number of melanocytes, how are some people darker
some people’s melanocytes produce more melanin to make their skin darker
why is melanin produced
- in response to the skin’s exposure to UV rays to protect us from the UV rays
What is the difference between eumelanin or pheomelanin
Eumelanin has black or brown pigment Pheomelanin has a yellow to reddish pigment
what are the 2 types of melanin that people produce
eumelanin and pheomelanin
why do people have a lighter or darker skin color
people produce different kinds and amounts of melanin
melanin is a ___
protein
how does one meet the body’s need for vitamin D
an hour a sun per week with the hands arms and face exposed
a sunburn can also be called
acute overexposure to ultraviolet radiation
what kind of burns can sunburns be
first or second degree
what are nails
hard keratinized epidermal cells over surface of fingers and toes
what specific cells are in nails
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
what is the function of nails
protection and insulation
hair is composed of _____, but the cells were once _____
dead keratinized epidermal cells
living cells in the hair root
what specific cells is hair composed of
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
what is the hair bulge
where do you find hair
on all skin surfaces except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of the external reproductive organs
where does the hair stem originate
hair bulge
where does hair get its nutrients
capillary at the base
explain how hair grows
hair stem cells originate in the hair bulge and then hair develops and grows from a group of epidermal (epithelial) cells at bottom of the hair follicle. capillary at the base provides much of the nutrients
what is found attached to the hair follicle
sebaceous gland and arrector pili muscle
color of hair is primarily due to ___
melanin
what is the hair follicle
a tube-like depression in the skin from which hair develops
What is hirsutism
women grow hair where men normally would due to an increase or decrease in hormones
what is hypertrichosis
(werewolf syndrome)
grow hair in excess on the face, nose, forehead, back, shoulders
what is the function of glands
secrete various substances
sebaceous gland (___)
a. location in skin
b. location in body
c. function
oil gland
connected to hair follicles
absent in palms and soles
produce sebum that moistens hair, waterproofs and softens skin, and inhibits bacterial growth
what is the function of sudoriferous glands
produce sweat to regulate body temperature and carry wastes to the surface of the skin
where do you find sudoriferous glands
palms and soles
what is the difference between apocrine and eccrine sweat glands
apocrine:
- activated late in life due to increased hormones at puberty
- produce sweat when a persons emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain
- most numerous in groin, axillary regions, and usually connect to hair follicles
- has a higher composition of fat
eccrine:
- most numerous sweat gland
what are mammary and ceruminous glands
specialized sudoriferous glands that secrete milk and earwax (cerumen)
what are the differences in location of eccrine and apocrine glands
eccrine: most numerous sweat gland and common in the forehead, neck, and back
apocrine: most numerous in the groin, axillary regions, and usually connect to hair follicles
when are eccrine and apocrine glands activated
eccrine: elevated body temperature caused by environmental heal or physical exercise
apocrine: later in life, near puberty, when a person is emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain
explain the differences of how eccrine and apocrine sweat glands bring sweat to the surface
eccrine: through a duct to a pore
apocrine: ducts open into hair follicles
explain the difference in what the sweat is made up of in eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
eccrine:
mostly water
apocrine:
higher composition of fat
Why does sweat from apocrine sweat glands smell
the sweat has a higher composition of fat and the bacteria on skin eats up the fat causing stench
what makes apocrine glands active
increased estrogen and testosterone levels at puberty
what are some modified sweat glands
mammary glands and ceruminous glands (earwax)
what are epidermal ridges
ridges on the superficial surface of the skin of palms, fingers, soles, and toes
what creates the epidermal ridges
a layer in the dermis called the dermal papillae
swelling of the skin (skin rash)
dermatitis
something to which you are allergic
allergen
rash caused by contact with an allergen
allergic contact dermatitis
chemical released from mast cells in response to an allergen
histamine
itching
pruritus
dry skin
xerosis
excessive sweating
hyperhidrosis
decreased sweating
anhidrosis
a protein pigment that gives the skin, hair, and eyes their color
melanin
accumulation of melanin in patches, usually not cancerous
freckles
what is the scientific name for freckles
ephelides
a benign (non-cancerous) growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes. usually dark and may be raised from skin
mole
what is the scientific name for a mole
nevus
protein found in hair, skin, and nails that give strength and waterproofing
keratin
oil produced by sebaceous glands and keeps skin and hair soft and waterproof
sebum
hair loss
alopecia
an allergic reaction of the skin that produces reddish elevated patches
hives
what is the scientific name for hives
urticaria
open sore
ulcer
hair follicles that develop in the fifth month of fetal development that recede beneath the skin near birth
lunago
a disorder in which hair follicles continue to produce hair in areas that normally cease producing hair
hypertrichosis
oil or resin contained in poison ivy, oak, sumac
urushiol
are receptors big or small
small, but they collect very accurate information when touched
what might receptors sense
pain temperature pressure friction or stretch
do all receptors respond to the same things
no there are unique receptors that respond to each kind of information
what are mechanoreceptors
receptors that detect any movement
