Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
How are the terms eczema, asthma, and filagrin related?
A
- a deficiency of a kin protein (filaggrin) sets the stage for developing allergies
- in healthy skin, it is broken down, releasing amino acids that rise to the surface of the skin and block water from leaving the skin, keeping the skin moist
- the wetness and the tight packing of the epidermal cells keep out irritants, disease-causing organisms, and substances that trigger allergic reactions
- when the epidermis is dry and cracked due to deficient filaggrin, allergens can enter and reach deeper skin layers, where they encounter and activate immune system cells, which signal inflammation, resulting in eczema
- later, inhaling the same allergens that once crossed the broken skin provokes an immune response in the airways, causing asthma
2
Q
The integumentary system is a _____ that have many structures
A
system of organs
3
Q
what is included in the integumentary system (9)
A
skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicle, and arrector pili muscle
4
Q
______ is the major portion of the integumentary system
A
skin
5
Q
the skin is two layers (___ and ___)
A
epidermis and dermis
6
Q
there is a third layer of the skin called the _____ (_____)
A
hypodermis
subcutaneous layer
7
Q
what do some textbooks refer to the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) as
A
a layer beneath the skin
8
Q
the skin contains _____ tissue but the majority of the skin is ___ and ___ tissue
A
some of all four types of tissues
epithelial
connective
9
Q
is the skin an organ
A
yes
10
Q
skin is sometimes referred to as _____
A
cutaneous membrane
11
Q
what is the body’s largest organ by weight
A
skin
12
Q
the thickness of the skin varies depending on…
A
the part of the body the skin covers
age of person
sex
13
Q
where is the skin the thinnest and thickest
A
thinnest: eyelids
thickest: palms of hands and soles of feet
14
Q
a group of tissues that perform a specific function(s)
A
organ
15
Q
the study involving the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders
A
dermatology
16
Q
the removal of tissue from the body for examination
A
biopsy
17
Q
structures/organs that develop from the epidermis
A
epidermal derivatives
18
Q
what are examples of epidermal derivatives
A
hair, nails, glands
19
Q
What are 7 reasons for the integumentary system
A
- protect the body by acting as a barrier against external factors and elements
- regulate body temperature
- excrete waste through sweat
- prevent water loss
- houses nerve receptors to sense stimuli like touch, pain, temperature
- immune response
- synthesize vitamin D when certain cells are exposed to UV radiation
20
Q
how is the integumentary system a physical barrier
A
21
Q
how is the integumentary system a pathogen barrier
A
22
Q
how is the integumentary system an environmental barrier
A
23
Q
how does the integumentary system regulate the body temperature through sweat glands
A
24
Q
how does the integumentary system regulate the body temperature through adipose
A
25
how does the integumentary system regulate the body temperature through blood vessels
26
how does the integumentary system regulate the body temperature through arrector pili muscles
when it contracts it creates goosebumps, trapping air, which is a good insulator
27
how does the integumentary system regulate the body temperature through shivering
the involuntary movement of skeletal muscles produces heat, warming the body
28
how does the integumentary system prevent water loss in the body
it produces keratin, which keeps water in
29
What is vitamin D good for
teeth and bones
30
the epidermis is composed mostly of ___ but also ____
epithelial tissue
other tissues as well
31
most cells in the epidermis are _____ and _____
squamous and stratified
32
does the thickness of the epidermis vary?
yes
33
how thick is the epidermis on the eyelids
0.5mm
34
what are the superficial cells in the epidermis called
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
35
What are the majority of the cells in the epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
36
is the epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
37
the epidermis has nerve endings sensitive to ___
pressure/ touch
38
why are the cells in the lower layers of the epidermis living
they receive more nutrients from blood diffusing from the dermis to the lower epidermis
39
What are the functions of the epidermis
- keeps out pathogens and allergens
- touch sensations
- protection from physical harm (stratified characteristics)
- produces melanin to protect from UV radiation (melanocytes)
- prevents excess water loss of the lower layers of skin
40
how does the epidermis protect from physical harm
stratified characteristics
41
how does the epidermis produce melanin to protect from UV radiation
melanocytes
42
How many layers does the epidermis have
5 distinct individual layers but most areas only have 4
43
What are the layers of the epidermis
stratum corneum
stratum lucidium
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum germantivum (basale)
44
what is the most superficial layer of the epidermis
stratum corneum
45
what layer of the epidermis is mostly absent but is found in areas of thicker skin
stratum lucidium
46
what is the deepest layer of the epidermis that can reproduce
stratum germantivum (basale)
47
What are some important cells in the epidermis
keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel cellsq
48
what type of cells compose 90% of the epidermis
keratinocytes
49
what type of cells compose 8% of the epidermis
melanocytes
50
what are cells that produce keratin
keratinocytes
51
what are cells that produce melanin
melanocytes
52
what are cells that aid the immune system of the skin and are easily damaged by UV radiation
langerhans cells
53
what are cells that are mechanoreceptors that sense touch
merkel cells
54
what do mechanoreceptors do
detect small motions and let your brain know where your body parts are and understand your movements
55
What are receptors
ends of nerves that pick up stimuli
56
the dermis is composed of _____ but contains ____
connective tissue
all 4 types of tissue
57
the dermis has dense connective tissue that includes _____ and _____
tough collagen fibers and elastic fibers
58
what is the thickest layer of the skin
the dermis
59
is the dermis vascular or avascular
vascular
60
the dermis is connected to the epidermis by the ____
basement membrane
61
what is the dermal papillae
where the dermis pushes up
62
what are the two layers of the dermis
papillary (upper layer)
reticular (lower layer)
63
the boundary between the epidermis and the dermis is uneven because _____ project inwards and _____ extend in those areas
epidermal ridges
the top of the dermis (dermal papillae)
64
where do you notice epidermal ridges and the dermal papillae
fingerprints and feet/toes
not noticeable on other parts of the body
65
the dermis has nerve endings sensitive to
heat, pain, pressure/touch
66
what kind of nerve endings does the dermis have
thermoreceptors and nocireceptors
67
what are thermoreceptors
nerve endings sensitive to temperature changes (heat receptors)
68
what are nocireceptors
nerve endings that respond to pain stimuli
(pain receptors)
69
What are important cells in the dermis
fibroblasts
macrophages
adipocytes
70
what are fibroblasts
cells that produce fibers
71
what are macrophages
cells that engulf other cells/viruses/bacteria
72
what are adipocytes
cells that produce and store fat
73
what does the dermis contain
sudoriferous and sebaceous glands
hair follicles
arrector pili muscles
blood vessels
some adipose tissue
74
what is the hypodermis (subcutaneous later) composed of
mostly connective tissue (mostly adipose)
some nervous tissue
blood vessels
75
is the hypodermis (subcutaneous later) vascular or avascular
vascular
76
what are the functions of the hypodermis (subcutaneous later)
insulation
energy storage
protection
77
what are the ABCDEs of skin cancer detection
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
Evolution
78
What is asymmetry in skin cancer detection
if one half of a mole does not match the other half
79
What is border irregularity in skin cancer detection
edges of mole os ragged blurred
80
What is color in skin cancer detection
if the color varies from one area to another, with shades of tan and brown, sometimes red white or blue
81
What is diameter in skin cancer detection
moles larger than 6mm circle, larger than pencil eraser
82
What is evolution in skin cancer detection
any change in color or shape
83
What kind of cells can skin cancer arise from
non-pigmented epithelial cells
melanocytes
84
what are skin cancers originating from epithelial cells in deep epidermis called
cutaneous carcinomas
85
1 in _ people will develop skin cancer
5
86
___ tend to grow very rapidly
cutaneous melanomas
87
Cutaneous carcinomas are usually cured with _____
surgical removal or radiation treatment
88
who is more prone to developing cutaneous carcinomas
light skinned people over the age of 40 who are regularly exposed to sunlight
89
_____ are pigmented with melanin
cutaneous melanomas
90
_____ usually have irregular rather than smooth outlines and may feel bumpy
cutaneous melanomas
91
cutaneous melanomas are caused by...
short, intermittent exposure to high intensity sunlight
92
how do cutaneous melanomas spread
horizontally through the skin, but eventually may thicken and grow downward, invading deeper tissues
93
What forms of radiation can trigger skin cancers
UVA and UVB
94
once the lesion of a cutaneous melanoma thickens and deepens in the skin, is it still treatable?
it becomes difficult to treat, and the survival rate is low
95
cancers originating from melanocytes are called ____
cutaneous melanomas
96
_____ is the most common type of skin cancer
cutaneous carcinomas
97
what causes cutaneous carcinomas
Regular exposure to sunlight
98
what are the characteristics of cutaneous carcinomas
- hard, scaly growths with reddish bases
- flat or raised and usually firmly adhered to the skin
- most common on the neck, face, or scalp
99
what are the characteristics of cutaneous melanomas
- irregular rather than smooth outlines
- feels bumpy
- back of limbs
- from normal-appearing skin or mole (nevus)
100
people of any age can get ____
cutaneous melanomas
101
someone who usually stays inside with the occasional blistering sunburn can get ____
cutaneous melanomas
102
____ is typically brown, black, gray, or blue
cutaneous melanomas
103
what are factors that affect the color of your skin
blood circulation
environmental factors
nutrition
disease or disorders
genetics
104
how does genetics affect the color of your skin
the type and amount of melanin you make
(eumelanin or pheomelanin)
105
how do environmental factors affect the color of your skin
UV, cold, wind
106
how does nutrition affect the color of your skin
b-carotene, a chemical pigment found in some yellow vegetables that can give the skin an orange-to-yellow color
107
what diseases or disorders can affect the color of your skin
jaundice
albinism
vitiligo
108
what is jaundice
a condition in which a yellowish color to skin is caused by the release of bilirubin in the epidermis
109
what is albinism
the inherited inability to produce melanin
110
what is vitiligo
a partial or complete loss of melanocytes from areas of the skin resulting in irregular white spots/patches
111
how does blood circulation affect the color of your skin
- cyanosis: a condition in which a bluish skin color
is caused by poor oxygen amounts in the blood
- reddish to pinkish skin color caused in lighter complexion skin due to oxygen-rich blood which is red showing through the epidermis
112
what is melanin
a pigment you produce that gives your skin, hair, and iris of the eye a color
113
what is melanin produced by
cells called melanocytes inside organelles called melanosomes
114
does everyone have the same number of melanocytes
yes
115
if everyone has the same number of melanocytes, how are some people darker
some people's melanocytes produce more melanin to make their skin darker
116
why is melanin produced
- in response to the skin's exposure to UV rays to protect us from the UV rays
117
What is the difference between eumelanin or pheomelanin
Eumelanin has black or brown pigment Pheomelanin has a yellow to reddish pigment
118
what are the 2 types of melanin that people produce
eumelanin and pheomelanin
119
why do people have a lighter or darker skin color
people produce different kinds and amounts of melanin
120
melanin is a ___
protein
121
how does one meet the body's need for vitamin D
an hour a sun per week with the hands arms and face exposed
122
a sunburn can also be called
acute overexposure to ultraviolet radiation
123
what kind of burns can sunburns be
first or second degree
124
what are nails
hard keratinized epidermal cells over surface of fingers and toes
125
what specific cells are in nails
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
126
what is the function of nails
protection and insulation
127
hair is composed of _____, but the cells were once _____
dead keratinized epidermal cells
living cells in the hair root
128
what specific cells is hair composed of
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
129
what is the hair bulge
130
where do you find hair
on all skin surfaces except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of the external reproductive organs
131
where does the hair stem originate
hair bulge
132
where does hair get its nutrients
capillary at the base
133
explain how hair grows
hair stem cells originate in the hair bulge and then hair develops and grows from a group of epidermal (epithelial) cells at bottom of the hair follicle. capillary at the base provides much of the nutrients
134
what is found attached to the hair follicle
sebaceous gland and arrector pili muscle
135
color of hair is primarily due to ___
melanin
136
what is the hair follicle
a tube-like depression in the skin from which hair develops
137
What is hirsutism
women grow hair where men normally would due to an increase or decrease in hormones
138
what is hypertrichosis
(werewolf syndrome)
grow hair in excess on the face, nose, forehead, back, shoulders
139
what is the function of glands
secrete various substances
140
sebaceous gland (___)
a. location in skin
b. location in body
c. function
oil gland
connected to hair follicles
absent in palms and soles
produce sebum that moistens hair, waterproofs and softens skin, and inhibits bacterial growth
141
what is the function of sudoriferous glands
produce sweat to regulate body temperature and carry wastes to the surface of the skin
142
where do you find sudoriferous glands
palms and soles
143
what is the difference between apocrine and eccrine sweat glands
apocrine:
- activated late in life due to increased hormones at puberty
- produce sweat when a persons emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain
- most numerous in groin, axillary regions, and usually connect to hair follicles
- has a higher composition of fat
eccrine:
- most numerous sweat gland
144
what are mammary and ceruminous glands
specialized sudoriferous glands that secrete milk and earwax (cerumen)
145
what are the differences in location of eccrine and apocrine glands
eccrine: most numerous sweat gland and common in the forehead, neck, and back
apocrine: most numerous in the groin, axillary regions, and usually connect to hair follicles
146
when are eccrine and apocrine glands activated
eccrine: elevated body temperature caused by environmental heal or physical exercise
apocrine: later in life, near puberty, when a person is emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain
147
explain the differences of how eccrine and apocrine sweat glands bring sweat to the surface
eccrine: through a duct to a pore
apocrine: ducts open into hair follicles
148
explain the difference in what the sweat is made up of in eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
eccrine:
mostly water
apocrine:
higher composition of fat
149
Why does sweat from apocrine sweat glands smell
the sweat has a higher composition of fat and the bacteria on skin eats up the fat causing stench
150
what makes apocrine glands active
increased estrogen and testosterone levels at puberty
151
what are some modified sweat glands
mammary glands and ceruminous glands (earwax)
152
what are epidermal ridges
ridges on the superficial surface of the skin of palms, fingers, soles, and toes
153
what creates the epidermal ridges
a layer in the dermis called the dermal papillae
154
swelling of the skin (skin rash)
dermatitis
155
something to which you are allergic
allergen
156
rash caused by contact with an allergen
allergic contact dermatitis
157
chemical released from mast cells in response to an allergen
histamine
158
itching
pruritus
159
dry skin
xerosis
160
excessive sweating
hyperhidrosis
161
decreased sweating
anhidrosis
162
a protein pigment that gives the skin, hair, and eyes their color
melanin
163
accumulation of melanin in patches, usually not cancerous
freckles
164
what is the scientific name for freckles
ephelides
165
a benign (non-cancerous) growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes. usually dark and may be raised from skin
mole
166
what is the scientific name for a mole
nevus
167
protein found in hair, skin, and nails that give strength and waterproofing
keratin
168
oil produced by sebaceous glands and keeps skin and hair soft and waterproof
sebum
169
hair loss
alopecia
170
an allergic reaction of the skin that produces reddish elevated patches
hives
171
what is the scientific name for hives
urticaria
172
open sore
ulcer
173
hair follicles that develop in the fifth month of fetal development that recede beneath the skin near birth
lunago
174
a disorder in which hair follicles continue to produce hair in areas that normally cease producing hair
hypertrichosis
175
oil or resin contained in poison ivy, oak, sumac
urushiol
176
are receptors big or small
small, but they collect very accurate information when touched
177
what might receptors sense
pain temperature pressure friction or stretch
178
do all receptors respond to the same things
no there are unique receptors that respond to each kind of information
179
what are mechanoreceptors
receptors that detect any movement
180
