Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of muscle tissue?
A
To contract to produce force for motion (main function )
Thermogenesis
Stabilizes body positions
Regulates organ volume
2
Q
what is thermogenesis?
A
heat production from muscle production
3
Q
how does muscle tissue regulate organic volume
A
contracting and relaxing to move things
4
Q
What are the characteristics of muscle tissue
A
excitable
extensible
elastic
conduction
contractile
5
Q
what is excitable muscle tissue
A
can receive and react to nerve impulses
6
Q
what is exrensible muscle tissue
A
can stretch
7
Q
what is elastic muscle tissue
A
can be strethced and then rebound to original shape
8
Q
what is contractile muscle tissue
A
can shorten to produce force when stimulated
9
Q
how many skeletal muscles are in the human body
A
over 650
10
Q
muscle constitue approximately ___ of your total body weight
A
40-50%
11
Q
what are the three types of muscle tissue
A
skeletal
cardial
smooth (visceral)
12
Q
what is smooth tissue also called
A
visceral
13
Q
why types of tissue is muscle tissue composed of
A
all
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
connective tissue
epithelial tissue
14
Q
is muscle tissue vascular
A
yes it is the most vascular tissue in the body
15
Q
what is ATP necessary for
A
muscle contraction and relaxation
16
Q
muscle cells are more often called _____
A
muscle fibers
17
Q
what do blood vessels do when you begin to exercise
A
they dilate to increase blood flow to the muscle
18
Q
area in which a muscle attaches to a bone and when the muscle contracts this end does not move
A
origin
19
Q
area in which a muscle attaches to a bone and when the muscle contracts this end is pulled toward the origin
A
insertion
20
Q
the main muscle used to create a specific movement
A
prime mover
21
Q
what is the prime mover also claled
A
agonist
22
Q
any muscle that AIDS the prime prover when a specific movement is performed
A
synergist
23
Q
muscle that resists the prime mover
A
antagonist
24
Q
where is skeletal muscle tissue
A
Muscles attached to bone
25
where is cardiac muscle tissue
muscles in the heart
26
where is smooth muscle tissue
the walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels, stomach, intestines)
27
what shape is skeletal muscle tissue
elongated, cylindrical cells
28
what shape is cardiac muscle tissue
branching cells
29
what shape is smooth muscle tissue
spindle shaped cells
30
is skeletal muscle tissue voluntary
yes
31
is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary
no
32
is smooth muscle tissue voluntary
no
33
is skeletal muscle tissue striated
yes
34
is cardiac muscle tissue striated
yes
35
smooth
no
36
describe the nucleus of skeletal muscle tissue
multinucleated - nuclei found on periphery
37
describe the nucleus of cardiac muscle tissue
single nucleus
38
describe the nucleus of smooth muscle tissue
single centrally located nucleus
39
how does cardiac muscle tissue have autorhythmicity
it can contract rhythmically on its own like a built in pacemaker
40
which type of muscle tissue has intercalated discs
cardiac
41
what materials are needed for muscles to make ATP
oxygen
glucose or glycogen
creatine phospate (phosphate)(ADP>ATP)
42
where does energy needed for skeletal muscle contractions come from
1. small amounts of ATP is made and stored in muscle
2. creatine phosphate - changes ADP to ATP
3. glycolysis - only small amount of ATP is made this way
4. cellular respiration if there is enough oxygen
43
what are the waste products produced as a result of muscle contraction
heat
carbon dioxide
lactic acid
44
is lactic acid a waste product
in the muscle it is waste
in the liver it is an energy source
45
what are the ways the body increases flow of oxygen rich blood to working muscles
increased blood flow to working muscles because of dilation of blood vessels
diversion of blood flow from organs and other non-working muscles to working muscles
increased blood flow from heart - heart beats faster
increased rate and depth of breathing and this puts more oxygen in blood
46
how does increased rate and depth of breathing increase flow of oxygen rich blood to working muscles
puts more oxygen in blood
47
how does the heart beating faster increase flow of oxygen rich blood to working muscles
increased blood flow from heart
48
Which muscles are a mixture of fast and slow twitch
most
49
Muscles may be called red or white depending on ___
compostion
50
why would a muscle be red
more myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries
51
why would a muscle be white
fewer myoglobin, mitchondria, and blood capillaries
52
do all skeletal muscles contact and relax at the same velocity
no
53
what does the velocity of a muscle contraction/relaxation depend on
how fast the muscle splits ATP
54
What are the three types of skeletal muscles
slow oxidative fibers
fast oxidative fibers
fast glycolytic fibers
55
what are slow oxidative fibers called
type I
56
what are fast oxidative fibers called
types IIA
57
what are fast glycolytic fibers called
type IIB
58
what is the diameter of slow oxidative fibers
small
59
what is the diameter of fast oxidative fibers
intermediate
60
what is the diameter of fast glycolytic fibers
large
61
how much myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries do slow oxidative fibers have
a high amount
62
how much myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries do fast oxidative fibers have
a high amount
63
how much myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries do fast glycolytic fibers have
a low amount
64
what color are slow oxidative fibers
red
65
what color are fast oxidative fibers
red
66
what color are fast glycolytic fibers
white
67
how do slow oxidative fibers produce ATP
aerobically through cellular respiration
68
how do fast oxidative fibers produce ATP
aerobically through cellular respiration
69
how do fast glycolytic fibers produce ATP
anaerobically through glycolysis
70
How quickly do slow oxidative fibers split ATP
slowly, therefore slow contraction velocity
71
How do quickly do fast oxidative fibers split ATP
rapidly therefore fast contraction velocities
72
Howquickly do fast glycolytic fibers split ATP
very fast and strong contractions
73
do slow oxidative fibers fatigue
no they are fatigue-resistant
74
do fast oxidative fibers fatigue
eh they are moderately fatigue resistant
75
do fast glycolytic fibers fatigue
yes they are highly fatigable
76
when are slow oxidative fibers used
in aeribic activites (posture muscles)
77
when are fast oxidative fibers used
when jogging and sprinting
78
when are fast glycolytic fibers used
rapid intense movements (heavy weightlifting, sprinting)
79
myology
the scientific study of muscles
80
thermogenesis
the creation of heat due to muscle contraction
81
voluntary muslces
muscles under your conscious control
82
involuntary muscles
muscles not under your conscious control
83
muscle contraction
the shortening of a muscle fiber to produce force for movement
84
fibrosis
the replacement of skeletal muscle fibers by connective tissue due to damage, disease, or non-use (also called scar tissue)
85
muscle atrophy
the decrease in size or deterioration of muscle tissue due to disease or non-use
86
muscle hypertrophy
the increase in size of muscle tissue due to strenuous activity
87
motor neuron
a nueron that forms a connection with a skeletal muscle fiber telling the muscle fiber to contract
88
synaptic cleft
a small gap that separates the membrane of a neuron and the membrane of a muscle fiber
89
neurotransmitter
chemicals released by neurons at synapses to communicate with cells in the surrounding area
90
acetylcholine
Ach
a specific nerurotransmitter that is released from a motor neuron, crosses the synaptic cleft, and binds to a receptor on a muscle fiber to signal the muscle to contract
91
neuromuscular junction
the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
92
what is ach used for
to cross the synapse and carry the message from the motor neuron to the muscle to tell the muscle to contract
93
motor unit
one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controlls
94
The whole skeletal muscle is composed of _____, so ___ will contract. Each different size motor unit will have its own ___
many motor units of different sizes
only the units stimulated with contract
size threshold stimulus
95
Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen ____ require to ____, plus the amount of oxygen required for ___
liver cells
convert lactic acid back into glucose
muscle fibers to restore ATP and creatine phosphate supplies in the muscle fiber and other body tissues
96
when is a person in oxygen debt
after strenuous exercise
97
where do you pay oxygen debt back to
liver and muscles
98
what is muscle fatigue
when a muscle loses its ability to contact
99
what are the causes for fatigue
loss, decrease, or interruption of blood supply
accumulation of lactic acid in muscle fiber
lack of ACH - this rarely happens
decreased ATP in muscle
altered electrolyte levels
100
all or none repsonse: when a muscle fiber is stimulated it ___, but if the muscle fiber is not stimulated ___
contacts fully as hard and as fast as it can
it will not contact at all
101
can muscle fibers contact partially
no
102
theshold stimulus
the minimal strength of stimulation needed to cause a muscle fiber to contract
103
what happens when a motor neuron's threshold is met
it will relay the nerve impulse to all the muscle fibers in its motor unit
104
recruitment of motor units
increased number of motor units stimulated due to the intensity of the overall stimulation
105
recruitment of motor neutons: not only ___ are stimulated but the ___ are stimulated when ___, therefore ____
low threshold motor neurons
higher threshold motor neurons
a high intensity stimulus is sent
more motor units stimulated to contract
