Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the skeletal system composed of?
A
bone
bone marrow
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
2
Q
bone tissue is often called _____
A
osseous tissue
3
Q
what are the 5 functions of bone
A
- support and protection for the body and body organs
- gives the body a framework
- mineral homeostasis (calcium and phosphorus)
- blood cell production (red bone marrow) – hematopoiesis
- energy storage (yellow bone marrow)
4
Q
what is yellow bone marrow for
A
energy storage
5
Q
what is red bone marrow for
A
hematopoiesis
6
Q
what is hematopoiesis
A
blood cell production
7
Q
what are the long bones
A
femur
humerus
radius
metacarpals
phalanxes
8
Q
what are the short bones
A
carpals and tarsals
9
Q
what are the flat bones
A
bones of cranium
scapulae
sternum
hips
ribs
10
Q
what are the irregular bones
A
vertebrae
facial bones
11
Q
what are sesamoid bones
A
patella
12
Q
what are the wormian bones
A
bones b/w or w/in the sutures
13
Q
what are wormian bones also called
A
sutural bones
14
Q
what are the distinct areas/regions of long bones
A
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
15
Q
Where is the diaphysis region
A
shaft of long bone
16
Q
What does the diaphysis region contain?
A
yellow bone marrow
blood vessels
nerves
17
Q
where is the epiphysis region
A
ends of long bones
18
Q
what does the epiphysis region contain
A
red bone marrow
19
Q
where is the metaphysis region
A
small area between epiphysis and diaphysis
usually where growth plates are found
20
Q
where are growth plates usually found
A
metaphysis region
21
Q
what covers each end of long bones (epiphysis)
A
articular cartilage
22
Q
what does articular cartilage do
A
provides protection and reduces friction in the joint
23
Q
what covers the long bone
A
periosteum
24
Q
what does periosteum contain
A
osteoblasts
25
what does periosteum aid in
aids bone growth in diameter, repair, and nutrition
26
what is the point of attachment for tendons and ligaments
periosteum
27
what are four things about periosteum
- covers the long bone
- contains osteoblasts
- aids bone growth in diameter, repair, and nutrition
- points of attachment for tendons and ligaments
28
what is marrow cavity called
medullary cavity
29
what does the marrow cavity contain
- yellow bone marrow
- blood vessels
- nerves
30
what is endosteum
lining of medullary cavity in long bones
31
what kind of cells does the endosteum contain
osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells
32
What kind of tissue is bone
connective tissue
33
is bone vascular or avascular
vascular
34
does bone contain more cells or matrix
it contains fewer cells compared to matrix
35
does bone have a nerve supply
yes
36
what gives bone strength
collagen fibers
37
what is matrix
intercellular material generally needed for strength
38
What is bone matrix composed of
25% water
25% protein fibers
50% mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus)
39
what makes bones hard
calcium and phosphorus
40
What are the four types of cells found in bones
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
41
what are osteoprogenitor cells
unspecialized cells (undifferentiated)
can undergo mitosis
eventually mature and turn into osteoblasts or osteoclasts
42
what are osteoblasts
bone cells that build new bone tissue, functions in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
make collagen and elastin protein fibers
will mature and turn into osteocytes
43
what are osteocytes
referred to as mature bone cells
maintains bone tissue (exchanges nutrients with blood)
44
what are osteoclasts
bone cells that break down bone (reabsorption of bone)
functions in remodeling and repair of bone
45
which cells are undifferentiated
osteoprogenitor cells
46
which cells build new bone tissue
osteoblasts
47
which cells are referred to as mature bone cells
osteocytes
48
which cells function in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
osteoblasts
49
which cells can undergo mitosis
osteoprogenitor cells
50
which cells break down bone
osteoclasts
51
which cells make collagen and elastin protein fibers
osteo blasts
52
which cells eventually mature and turn into osteoblasts or osteoclasts
osteoprogenitor cells
53
which cells will mature and turn into osteocytes
osteoblasts
54
which cells maintain bone tissue
osteocytes
55
which cells function in remodeling and repair of bone
osteoclasts
56
which cells exchange nutrients with blood
osteocytes
57
which cells work for reabsorption of bone
osteoclasts
58
what is compact bone also called
cortical bone
59
what is compact bone
dense bone found covering all bones
diaphysis of long bones are this type
function is to support, strengthen, and protect
60
what is spongey bone also called
cancellous bone
61
what is diaphysis made of
compact bone
62
what is the function of compact bone
to support strengthen and protect
63
what is the dense bone found covering all bones
compact bone
64
what does compact bone consist of
numerous bony plates called trabeculae
65
what do the spaces between bony plates in spongey bone do
reduce bone's weight and gives place for red bone marrow
66
where is spongey bone
epiphysis area of long bones
67
what is the function of red bone marrow
hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
68
where is red bone marrow found
spongey bone
69
what is spongey bone covered with
compact bone
70
what is ossification
bone formation
71
what is calcification ( mineralization)
hardening of bone
72
what is hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
73
what is remodeling
the constant breaking down of bone and rebuilding of new bone in its place
74
what is foramen
hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit a bone
75
what is osteoporosis
a bone disorder in which bone density decreases
76
what is a fracture
any break in a bone
77
what is a growth plate
an area of cartilage in the metaphysis of a long bone that turns to bone and allows bone to lengthen
78
what is another name for the growth plate
epiphyseal plate
79
what is another name for calcification
mineralization
80
what is bone formation called
ossification
81
what is the hardening of bone called
calcification or mineralization
82
what is blood cell formation called
hematopoiesis
83
what is the constant breaking down of bone and rebuilding of new bone in its place
remodeling
84
what is a hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit a bone
foramen
85
what is a bone disorder in which bone density decreases
osteoporosis
86
what is any break in a bone
fracture
87
what is an area of cartilage in the metaphysics of a long bone that turns to bone and allows bone to lengthen
growth plate or epiphyseal plate
88
when does ossification begin
6th-7th week of embryonic life
89
describe the bones of an infant
soft and then begin to calcify as bones absorb calcium
90
what does bone form from
cartilage called endochondral ossification (most common) or from fibrous tissue which is called intramembranous ossification
91
what is intramembranous ossification
bone formation in cranial bones, mandible, maxillae, and clavicle
92
what is endochondral ossification
bone formation in all other bones in the body
93
when does the growth of bones stop
growth in length stops at age 18-25
growth in diameter may continue throughout your life
94
what factors influence growth
nutrition (calcium and vitamin D)
hormone secretions
physical exercise
95
what is mechanism for bones to lengthen
epiphyseal plate is the only mechanism for bones to lengthen
96
what controls growth in diameter of bone
periosteum
97
what hormones control growth throughout your life
hGH (human growth hormone) (before puberty)
estrogen and testosterone (after puberty)
Thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormones
98
why is bone repair slow
bone cells reproduce and grow slowly
fewer bone cells within bone tissue
calcium and phosphorus needed to repair harden and strengthen the bone is deposited into bone slowly
slow healing bc blood supply is decreased during injury die to inflammation
99
what is even harder to heal than bones
cartilage tendons and ligaments
100
what can help increase bone strength
bone stresses (weight-bearing activities) because of increased deposition of minerals and production of collagen fibers
101
why are cartilage tendons and ligaments even harder to heal than bones
they are avascular tissues and have slow cell replication rates
102
When there is a lack of exercise, _ in bone and ____
remodeling slows down and bone density decreases
103
what does exercise do to bones
walking, jogging, and weightlifting help build and retain bone mass/density
104
what is demineralization
loss of minerals from matrix
105
what is the loss of minerals from matrix
demineralization
106
what causes demineralization to begin
decrease in sex hormones
107
when does demineralization begin
women: 30
men: 50-60
108
what does demineralization lead to
osteoporosis
109
how much calcium does bone store
99% of all calcium in the body
110
what does too much calcium do to the body
too much calcium in the blood can stop the heart and too little can cause breathing to stop
111
explain how your body goes back to blood-calcium homeostasis when it's too high
when the blood calcium is too high the thyroid gland produces calcitonin to produce more osteoblasts
112
explain how your body goes back to blood-calcium homeostasis when it's too low
when the blood calcium is too low the parathyroid gland produces PTH to produce more osteoclasts
113
which cells make collagen and elastin protein fibers
osteoblasts
114
Why are joints needed?
bones are too rigid to bend without being damaged
115
scientific name for joint
articulation
116
what forms joints
connective tissue
117
what is the purpose of connective tissue in joints
to hold bones together and allow movement
118
what are the types of connective tissue in joints that hold bones together and allow movement
cartilage, ligaments, tendons
119
do all joints allow movement
no, sutures do not
120
what is an articulation
where two or more bones come together, usually allowing movement
121
where are articulations considered points of contact
bone and bone
cartilage and bone
teeth and bone
122
describe tightly fitted joints
tightly fitted joints are usually stringer joints but these joints usually have restricted movements
(sutures----hip)
123
describe loosely fitted joints
loosely fitted joints are usually not as strong a joint, more movement but highter risk of dislocation (shoulder)
124
what are five factors that affect joint movement
- precise manner articulating bones fit together (tightness and shapes)
- flexibility of the tissues that bind the bones together (muscles)
- arrangement and positon of the ligaments and tendons attaching to the bones
- strength and tension of the joint ligaments
- apposition of soft parts
125
what are the two classifications of joints
structural
functional
126
what is a structural joint based on
anatomical characteristics (what it's made of)
based on the presence of absence of a space between the articulating bones and the type of connective tissue that binds the bone together
127
what is the synovial (joint) cavity
presence or absence of a space bw articulating bones
128
what is a functional joint based on
type of movement they permit
129
what are the kinds of structural joints (joint composition)
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
130
what is a fibrous joint
no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue (sutures)
131
what are cartilaginous joints
no synovial cavity and bones held by cartilage (intervertebral joints)
132
what are synovial joints
synovial cavity present and bone forming the joint are united by a surrounding articular capsule and frequently by accessory ligaments (knee, elbow)
133
what is an example of a fibrous joint
suture
134
what is an example of a cartilaginous joint
intervertebral joints
135
what is an example of a synovial joint
knee elbow
136
what are the three kinds of functional joint classification (joint function/ability to move)
synarthrosis joints
amphiarthrosis joints
diarthrosis joints
137
what are synarthrosis joints
no movement by joints
138
what are amphiarthrosis joints
slightly movable joint
139
what are diathrosis joints
freely movable joints
140
what are examples of synarthroses joints
sutures
gomphosis
epiphyseal plate
141
what are sutures
a fibrous joint in which there is fusion
142
what is synostosis
complete fusion of a (suture) joint (frontral bones)
143
what is gomphosis
a fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket (teeth)
144
what is a epiphyseal plate
a fibrous joint (also a case of synostosis)
145
what are examples of amphiarthroses joints
distal articulation bw tibia and fibula
joints between ribs and sternum
joints between vertebrae
joints between pubic bone (pubic symphysis)
146
What does the structure of diarthroses contain
synovial cavity
aticular cartilage (hyaline)
articulatory capsule
accessory ligaments
articular discs
147
what is the synovial cavity
space that separates the articulating bones
148
what does articular cartilage do
reduces friction and helps absorb shock
149
what does the articular capsule do
surrounds the diarthrosis
encloses the synovial cavity
unites the articulating bones
150
what are the two layers of the articular capsule
fibrous capsule (outer layer)
Synovial membrane (inner layer)
151
what is the fibrous capsule
outer layer of the articular capsule
(ligaments) holds bones to bones
152
what is the synovial membrane
inner layer of the articular capsule
secretes synovial fluid
153
what are articular dics
cartilage that allow bones of different shapes to fit tightly
154
are articular discs in all diarthroses joints
no
155
where are articular discs found
not all diarthroses joints
knee (meniscus), hip (acetabular labrum), and shoulder (glenoid labrum)
156
what is apposition of soft parts
when soft parts get in the way of movement
"beer belly" "bodybuilding"
157
what is ROM
range of motion
158
what is a functional joint based off of
based on type of movement they permit
159
what is an example of a fibrous joint
suture
160
what is an example of a cartilaginous joint
intervertebral joints
161
what is an example of a synovial joint
knee, elbow
162
the knee is covered by _____ which...
a capsule
holds synovial fluid (decreases friction in the joint)
163
where is the synovial cavity located
inside the articular cavity
164
what are examples of diarthroses joints
knee, shoulder, hip, elbow, interphalangeal
165
what are the six kinds of diarthroses joints
gliding joint (plane joint)
hinge joint
pivot joint (trochoid)
condyloid joint (ellipsoidal joint)
saddle joint
ball-and-socket joint (spheroid)
166
what is another name for pivot joints
trochoid
167
what is another name for condyloid joints
ellipsoidal joint
168
what is another name for ball-and-socket joints
spheroid
169
what is another name for a gliding joint
plane joint
170
what are gliding joints
articulating surfaces of bones are usually flat
171
what movements can gliding joints have
side to side or back and forth
172
what are examples of gliding joints
intercarpal joints
intertarsal joints
sternocostal joints
sacroiliac joints
173
what are intercarpal joints
between carpals
174
what are intertarsal joints
between tarsals
175
what are sternocostal joints
between ribs and vertebra
176
what are sacroiliac joints
between sacrum and ilium of hip
177
what is a hinge joint
convex curve of one bone fits into the concave curve of the other
178
describe the movement of a hinge joint
primarily in a single plane: flexion, extension, hyperextension
179
what are examples of hinge joints
knee
elbow
interphalangeal joints
180
what is a pivot joint
a rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament
181
describe the movement of a pivot joint
rotation
182
what are examples of pivot joints
bw atlas and axis (Atlanto-axial joint)
bw head of radius and ulna
183
what is the joint between atlas and axis called
atlanto-axial joint
184
what is a condyloid joint
oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone
185
describe the movement of a condyloid joint
side to side and back and forth
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
186
what are examples of condyloid joints
radiocarpal joint (bw radius and scaphoid)
metacarpophalangeal joints (bw metacarpals and proximal phalanx)
187
what are saddle joints
one bone saddle-shaped and the other fits over like the legs of a person over a saddle
188
describe the movement of a saddle joint
side to side and back and forth
189
what are examples of saddle joints
between the trapezium and first metacarpal
sternoclavicular joint
190
what are ball-and-socket joints
ball-like and cuplike bones fit together
191
describe the movements of ball-and-socket joints
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction
192
what are examples of ball and socket joints
shoulder and hip joint
193
what is monaxial
movement of joint in one plane
194
what is biaxial
movement of joint in two planes
195
what is triaxial
movement of joint in three places
196
what are the types of monaxial joints
hinge
pivot
plane (gliding)
197
what are the types of biaxial joints
condylar
saddle
198
what are the types of triaxial joints
ball and socket
199
are ball and socket joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
triaxial
200
are hinge joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
monaxial
201
are pivot joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
monaxial
202
are condylar joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
biaxial
203
are saddle joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
biaxial
204
are plane joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
monaxial
205
bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together
flexion
206
moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart
extension
207
moving a part away from the midline or away from the axial line of the limb
abduction
208
moving a part toward the midline or toward the axial line of the limb
adduction
209
moving a part around an axis
rotation
210
moving a part so that its end follows a 360 degree circular path
circumduction
211
rotation of the forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
supination
212
what term refers to the boding lying face up
supine
213
rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly
pronation
214
what term refers to the body lying face down
prone
215
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
inversion
216
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
eversion
217
moving a part forward
protraction
218
moving a part backward
retraction
219
movement at the ankle that moves the foot farther from the shin
plantar flexion
220
movement at the ankle that moves the foot closer to the shin
dorsiflexion
221
raising a part
elevation
222
lowering a part
depression
223
hyperextension
224
scientific study of joints
arthrology
225
pain in joint
arthralgia
226
joint inflammation usually associated with pain
arthritis
227
the study of the motion of the human body
kinesiology
228
surgical replacement of joints
arthroplasty
229
displacement of the bone from the joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsule
luxation (dislocation)
230
partial or incomplete dislocation
subluxation
231
saclike fluid-filled structures lines with synovial membranes near a joint that secrete synovial fluid
bursae
232
branch of medicine that deals with the skeletal and muscular systems and their problems
orthopedics
233
a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope
arthroscopy (arthroscopic surgery)
234
an arthroscopy is also called
arthroscopic surery
235
an arthroscopy is a ____ in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage in the interior of a ____ is performed using an ____
minimally invasive surgical procedure
joint
arthroscope
236
a thin flexible fiberoptic scope that is introduced into a joint space through a small incision in order to carry out diagnostic and treatment procedures within the joint. An arthroscope is about the diameter of a drinking straw. It is fitted with a miniature camera, a light source, and precision tools at the end of flexible tubes. An arthroscope can be used not only for diagnostic procedures but also for a wide range of surgical repairs, such as debridement, or cleaning of a joint to remove pits of torn cartilage, ligament reconstruction, and synovectomy (removal of the joint lining)
arthroscope
