Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is the skeletal system composed of?
bone
bone marrow
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
bone tissue is often called _____
osseous tissue
what are the 5 functions of bone
- support and protection for the body and body organs
- gives the body a framework
- mineral homeostasis (calcium and phosphorus)
- blood cell production (red bone marrow) – hematopoiesis
- energy storage (yellow bone marrow)
what is yellow bone marrow for
energy storage
what is red bone marrow for
hematopoiesis
what is hematopoiesis
blood cell production
what are the long bones
femur
humerus
radius
metacarpals
phalanxes
what are the short bones
carpals and tarsals
what are the flat bones
bones of cranium
scapulae
sternum
hips
ribs
what are the irregular bones
vertebrae
facial bones
what are sesamoid bones
patella
what are the wormian bones
bones b/w or w/in the sutures
what are wormian bones also called
sutural bones
what are the distinct areas/regions of long bones
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
Where is the diaphysis region
shaft of long bone
What does the diaphysis region contain?
yellow bone marrow
blood vessels
nerves
where is the epiphysis region
ends of long bones
what does the epiphysis region contain
red bone marrow
where is the metaphysis region
small area between epiphysis and diaphysis
usually where growth plates are found
where are growth plates usually found
metaphysis region
what covers each end of long bones (epiphysis)
articular cartilage
what does articular cartilage do
provides protection and reduces friction in the joint
what covers the long bone
periosteum
what does periosteum contain
osteoblasts
what does periosteum aid in
aids bone growth in diameter, repair, and nutrition
what is the point of attachment for tendons and ligaments
periosteum
what are four things about periosteum
- covers the long bone
- contains osteoblasts
- aids bone growth in diameter, repair, and nutrition
- points of attachment for tendons and ligaments
what is marrow cavity called
medullary cavity
what does the marrow cavity contain
- yellow bone marrow
- blood vessels
- nerves
what is endosteum
lining of medullary cavity in long bones
what kind of cells does the endosteum contain
osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells
What kind of tissue is bone
connective tissue
is bone vascular or avascular
vascular
does bone contain more cells or matrix
it contains fewer cells compared to matrix
does bone have a nerve supply
yes
what gives bone strength
collagen fibers
what is matrix
intercellular material generally needed for strength
What is bone matrix composed of
25% water
25% protein fibers
50% mineral salts (calcium and phosphorus)
what makes bones hard
calcium and phosphorus
What are the four types of cells found in bones
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
what are osteoprogenitor cells
unspecialized cells (undifferentiated)
can undergo mitosis
eventually mature and turn into osteoblasts or osteoclasts
what are osteoblasts
bone cells that build new bone tissue, functions in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
make collagen and elastin protein fibers
will mature and turn into osteocytes
what are osteocytes
referred to as mature bone cells
maintains bone tissue (exchanges nutrients with blood)
what are osteoclasts
bone cells that break down bone (reabsorption of bone)
functions in remodeling and repair of bone
which cells are undifferentiated
osteoprogenitor cells
which cells build new bone tissue
osteoblasts
which cells are referred to as mature bone cells
osteocytes
which cells function in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
osteoblasts
which cells can undergo mitosis
osteoprogenitor cells
which cells break down bone
osteoclasts
which cells make collagen and elastin protein fibers
osteo blasts
which cells eventually mature and turn into osteoblasts or osteoclasts
osteoprogenitor cells
which cells will mature and turn into osteocytes
osteoblasts
which cells maintain bone tissue
osteocytes
which cells function in remodeling and repair of bone
osteoclasts
which cells exchange nutrients with blood
osteocytes
which cells work for reabsorption of bone
osteoclasts
what is compact bone also called
cortical bone
what is compact bone
dense bone found covering all bones
diaphysis of long bones are this type
function is to support, strengthen, and protect
what is spongey bone also called
cancellous bone
what is diaphysis made of
compact bone
what is the function of compact bone
to support strengthen and protect
what is the dense bone found covering all bones
compact bone
what does compact bone consist of
numerous bony plates called trabeculae
what do the spaces between bony plates in spongey bone do
reduce bone’s weight and gives place for red bone marrow
where is spongey bone
epiphysis area of long bones
what is the function of red bone marrow
hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
where is red bone marrow found
spongey bone
what is spongey bone covered with
compact bone
what is ossification
bone formation
what is calcification ( mineralization)
hardening of bone
what is hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
what is remodeling
the constant breaking down of bone and rebuilding of new bone in its place
what is foramen
hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit a bone
what is osteoporosis
a bone disorder in which bone density decreases
what is a fracture
any break in a bone
what is a growth plate
an area of cartilage in the metaphysis of a long bone that turns to bone and allows bone to lengthen
what is another name for the growth plate
epiphyseal plate
what is another name for calcification
mineralization
what is bone formation called
ossification
what is the hardening of bone called
calcification or mineralization
what is blood cell formation called
hematopoiesis
what is the constant breaking down of bone and rebuilding of new bone in its place
remodeling
what is a hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit a bone
foramen
what is a bone disorder in which bone density decreases
osteoporosis
what is any break in a bone
fracture
what is an area of cartilage in the metaphysics of a long bone that turns to bone and allows bone to lengthen
growth plate or epiphyseal plate
when does ossification begin
6th-7th week of embryonic life
describe the bones of an infant
soft and then begin to calcify as bones absorb calcium
what does bone form from
cartilage called endochondral ossification (most common) or from fibrous tissue which is called intramembranous ossification
what is intramembranous ossification
bone formation in cranial bones, mandible, maxillae, and clavicle
what is endochondral ossification
bone formation in all other bones in the body
when does the growth of bones stop
growth in length stops at age 18-25
growth in diameter may continue throughout your life
what factors influence growth
nutrition (calcium and vitamin D)
hormone secretions
physical exercise
what is mechanism for bones to lengthen
epiphyseal plate is the only mechanism for bones to lengthen
what controls growth in diameter of bone
periosteum
what hormones control growth throughout your life
hGH (human growth hormone) (before puberty)
estrogen and testosterone (after puberty)
Thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormones
why is bone repair slow
bone cells reproduce and grow slowly
fewer bone cells within bone tissue
calcium and phosphorus needed to repair harden and strengthen the bone is deposited into bone slowly
slow healing bc blood supply is decreased during injury die to inflammation
what is even harder to heal than bones
cartilage tendons and ligaments
what can help increase bone strength
bone stresses (weight-bearing activities) because of increased deposition of minerals and production of collagen fibers
why are cartilage tendons and ligaments even harder to heal than bones
they are avascular tissues and have slow cell replication rates
When there is a lack of exercise, _ in bone and ____
remodeling slows down and bone density decreases
what does exercise do to bones
walking, jogging, and weightlifting help build and retain bone mass/density
what is demineralization
loss of minerals from matrix
what is the loss of minerals from matrix
demineralization
what causes demineralization to begin
decrease in sex hormones
when does demineralization begin
women: 30
men: 50-60
what does demineralization lead to
osteoporosis
how much calcium does bone store
99% of all calcium in the body
what does too much calcium do to the body
too much calcium in the blood can stop the heart and too little can cause breathing to stop
explain how your body goes back to blood-calcium homeostasis when it’s too high
when the blood calcium is too high the thyroid gland produces calcitonin to produce more osteoblasts
explain how your body goes back to blood-calcium homeostasis when it’s too low
when the blood calcium is too low the parathyroid gland produces PTH to produce more osteoclasts
which cells make collagen and elastin protein fibers
osteoblasts
Why are joints needed?
bones are too rigid to bend without being damaged
scientific name for joint
articulation
what forms joints
connective tissue
what is the purpose of connective tissue in joints
to hold bones together and allow movement
what are the types of connective tissue in joints that hold bones together and allow movement
cartilage, ligaments, tendons
do all joints allow movement
no, sutures do not
what is an articulation
where two or more bones come together, usually allowing movement
where are articulations considered points of contact
bone and bone
cartilage and bone
teeth and bone
describe tightly fitted joints
tightly fitted joints are usually stringer joints but these joints usually have restricted movements
(sutures—-hip)
describe loosely fitted joints
loosely fitted joints are usually not as strong a joint, more movement but highter risk of dislocation (shoulder)
what are five factors that affect joint movement
- precise manner articulating bones fit together (tightness and shapes)
- flexibility of the tissues that bind the bones together (muscles)
- arrangement and positon of the ligaments and tendons attaching to the bones
- strength and tension of the joint ligaments
- apposition of soft parts
what are the two classifications of joints
structural
functional
what is a structural joint based on
anatomical characteristics (what it’s made of)
based on the presence of absence of a space between the articulating bones and the type of connective tissue that binds the bone together
what is the synovial (joint) cavity
presence or absence of a space bw articulating bones
what is a functional joint based on
type of movement they permit
what are the kinds of structural joints (joint composition)
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
what is a fibrous joint
no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue (sutures)
what are cartilaginous joints
no synovial cavity and bones held by cartilage (intervertebral joints)
what are synovial joints
synovial cavity present and bone forming the joint are united by a surrounding articular capsule and frequently by accessory ligaments (knee, elbow)
what is an example of a fibrous joint
suture
what is an example of a cartilaginous joint
intervertebral joints
what is an example of a synovial joint
knee elbow
what are the three kinds of functional joint classification (joint function/ability to move)
synarthrosis joints
amphiarthrosis joints
diarthrosis joints
what are synarthrosis joints
no movement by joints
what are amphiarthrosis joints
slightly movable joint
what are diathrosis joints
freely movable joints
what are examples of synarthroses joints
sutures
gomphosis
epiphyseal plate
what are sutures
a fibrous joint in which there is fusion
what is synostosis
complete fusion of a (suture) joint (frontral bones)
what is gomphosis
a fibrous joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket (teeth)
what is a epiphyseal plate
a fibrous joint (also a case of synostosis)
what are examples of amphiarthroses joints
distal articulation bw tibia and fibula
joints between ribs and sternum
joints between vertebrae
joints between pubic bone (pubic symphysis)
What does the structure of diarthroses contain
synovial cavity
aticular cartilage (hyaline)
articulatory capsule
accessory ligaments
articular discs
what is the synovial cavity
space that separates the articulating bones
what does articular cartilage do
reduces friction and helps absorb shock
what does the articular capsule do
surrounds the diarthrosis
encloses the synovial cavity
unites the articulating bones
what are the two layers of the articular capsule
fibrous capsule (outer layer)
Synovial membrane (inner layer)
what is the fibrous capsule
outer layer of the articular capsule
(ligaments) holds bones to bones
what is the synovial membrane
inner layer of the articular capsule
secretes synovial fluid
what are articular dics
cartilage that allow bones of different shapes to fit tightly
are articular discs in all diarthroses joints
no
where are articular discs found
not all diarthroses joints
knee (meniscus), hip (acetabular labrum), and shoulder (glenoid labrum)
what is apposition of soft parts
when soft parts get in the way of movement
“beer belly” “bodybuilding”
what is ROM
range of motion
what is a functional joint based off of
based on type of movement they permit
what is an example of a fibrous joint
suture
what is an example of a cartilaginous joint
intervertebral joints
what is an example of a synovial joint
knee, elbow
the knee is covered by _____ which…
a capsule
holds synovial fluid (decreases friction in the joint)
where is the synovial cavity located
inside the articular cavity
what are examples of diarthroses joints
knee, shoulder, hip, elbow, interphalangeal
what are the six kinds of diarthroses joints
gliding joint (plane joint)
hinge joint
pivot joint (trochoid)
condyloid joint (ellipsoidal joint)
saddle joint
ball-and-socket joint (spheroid)
what is another name for pivot joints
trochoid
what is another name for condyloid joints
ellipsoidal joint
what is another name for ball-and-socket joints
spheroid
what is another name for a gliding joint
plane joint
what are gliding joints
articulating surfaces of bones are usually flat
what movements can gliding joints have
side to side or back and forth
what are examples of gliding joints
intercarpal joints
intertarsal joints
sternocostal joints
sacroiliac joints
what are intercarpal joints
between carpals
what are intertarsal joints
between tarsals
what are sternocostal joints
between ribs and vertebra
what are sacroiliac joints
between sacrum and ilium of hip
what is a hinge joint
convex curve of one bone fits into the concave curve of the other
describe the movement of a hinge joint
primarily in a single plane: flexion, extension, hyperextension
what are examples of hinge joints
knee
elbow
interphalangeal joints
what is a pivot joint
a rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament
describe the movement of a pivot joint
rotation
what are examples of pivot joints
bw atlas and axis (Atlanto-axial joint)
bw head of radius and ulna
what is the joint between atlas and axis called
atlanto-axial joint
what is a condyloid joint
oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone
describe the movement of a condyloid joint
side to side and back and forth
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
what are examples of condyloid joints
radiocarpal joint (bw radius and scaphoid)
metacarpophalangeal joints (bw metacarpals and proximal phalanx)
what are saddle joints
one bone saddle-shaped and the other fits over like the legs of a person over a saddle
describe the movement of a saddle joint
side to side and back and forth
what are examples of saddle joints
between the trapezium and first metacarpal
sternoclavicular joint
what are ball-and-socket joints
ball-like and cuplike bones fit together
describe the movements of ball-and-socket joints
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction
what are examples of ball and socket joints
shoulder and hip joint
what is monaxial
movement of joint in one plane
what is biaxial
movement of joint in two planes
what is triaxial
movement of joint in three places
what are the types of monaxial joints
hinge
pivot
plane (gliding)
what are the types of biaxial joints
condylar
saddle
what are the types of triaxial joints
ball and socket
are ball and socket joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
triaxial
are hinge joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
monaxial
are pivot joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
monaxial
are condylar joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
biaxial
are saddle joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
biaxial
are plane joints monaxial, biaxial, or triaxial
monaxial
bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together
flexion
moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart
extension
moving a part away from the midline or away from the axial line of the limb
abduction
moving a part toward the midline or toward the axial line of the limb
adduction
moving a part around an axis
rotation
moving a part so that its end follows a 360 degree circular path
circumduction
rotation of the forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
supination
what term refers to the boding lying face up
supine
rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly
pronation
what term refers to the body lying face down
prone
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
inversion
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
eversion
moving a part forward
protraction
moving a part backward
retraction
movement at the ankle that moves the foot farther from the shin
plantar flexion
movement at the ankle that moves the foot closer to the shin
dorsiflexion
raising a part
elevation
lowering a part
depression
hyperextension
scientific study of joints
arthrology
pain in joint
arthralgia
joint inflammation usually associated with pain
arthritis
the study of the motion of the human body
kinesiology
surgical replacement of joints
arthroplasty
displacement of the bone from the joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsule
luxation (dislocation)
partial or incomplete dislocation
subluxation
saclike fluid-filled structures lines with synovial membranes near a joint that secrete synovial fluid
bursae
branch of medicine that deals with the skeletal and muscular systems and their problems
orthopedics
a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope
arthroscopy (arthroscopic surgery)
an arthroscopy is also called
arthroscopic surery
an arthroscopy is a ____ in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage in the interior of a ____ is performed using an ____
minimally invasive surgical procedure
joint
arthroscope
a thin flexible fiberoptic scope that is introduced into a joint space through a small incision in order to carry out diagnostic and treatment procedures within the joint. An arthroscope is about the diameter of a drinking straw. It is fitted with a miniature camera, a light source, and precision tools at the end of flexible tubes. An arthroscope can be used not only for diagnostic procedures but also for a wide range of surgical repairs, such as debridement, or cleaning of a joint to remove pits of torn cartilage, ligament reconstruction, and synovectomy (removal of the joint lining)
arthroscope
