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Anatomy > Chapter 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

produce ATP by releasing energy from glucose molecules

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2
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place

A

ribosomes

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3
Q

What do enzymes do?

A
  • lower activation energy for reaction
  • alter the rate of metabolic reactions
  • are not consumed or changed as a result of the reactions they control
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4
Q

why are enzymes needed to promote metabolic reactions in the body

A

the temp in cells is not high enough to promote the increase in chemical reaction rates

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5
Q

how can enzymes be denatured

A
  • heat and radiation
  • chemicals and extremes of pH
  • electricity
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6
Q

what are two examples of an anabolic reaction

A
  • the making of proteins
  • the making of a disaccharide from monosaccharides
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7
Q

what are the nitrogen bases found in DNA

A
  • Adenine
  • guanine
  • cytosine
  • thymine
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8
Q

DNA is composed of approximately 3 billion _____

A

nucleotide pairs

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9
Q

the DNA of a cell is replicated during _____

A

s stage of the cell cycle

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10
Q

In DNA replication, hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides are broken and the DNA is unzipped by _____

A

Helicase

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11
Q

In DNA replication new strands of DNA are produced by this enzyme

A

DNA polymerase

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12
Q

In creating a DNA complementary strand to the DNA template, adenine always binds with

A

thymine

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13
Q

in cellular respiration, where does aerobic cellular respiration take place?

A

mitochondria of a cell

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14
Q

How many ATP are produced in the citric acid cycle?

A

2

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15
Q

what is created during glycolysis

A
  • 2 NADH
  • net 2 ATP
  • high energy electrons
  • 2 pyruvic acids
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16
Q

what is the first step of changing glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules called?

A

glycolysis

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17
Q

in cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is produced during…

A

citric acid cycle

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18
Q

how many ATP does glycolysis produce

A

net gain of 2

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19
Q

Where is most of the ATOP produced as a result of cellular respiration?

A

during the etc

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20
Q

In cellular respiration, the electron transport chain happens in the ____

A

mitochondria

21
Q

During protein synthesis, the actual assembling of proteins takes place…

A

at the ribosome in the cytoplasm of a cell

22
Q

What is the starter codon for the process of protein synthesis?

A

AUG

23
Q

The process of copying a gene of DNA into mRNA is called

A

transcription

24
Q

The enzyme responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides for the formation of mRNA is

A

RNA polymerase

24
Q

During the translation of protein synthesis mRNA is translated (read) by:

A

t-RNA with anticodon

24
Q

small DNA segments copied during DNA replication because they are on the lagging strand and run opposite to the leading strand are called?

A

okazaki fragments

25
Q

As a result of mitosis what is produced?

A

2 new diploid nuclei

26
Q

in which stage of mitosis do chromosomes first appear

A

prophase

27
Q

in mitosis the new nuclei made at the end of telophase have…

A

the exact same DNA information in each nucleus

28
Q

which stage of meiosis does crossing-over happen?

A

Prophase I

29
Q

What is produced as a result of meiosis II and then cytokinesis

A

4 new non-identical haploid cells

30
Q

in meisos, at the end of telophase I, the new nuclei have

A

46 chromosomes inside each nuclei

31
Q

the nucelai produced as a result of meiosis will go into…

A

gametes

32
Q

Translation is when…

A

mRNA is read by tRNA to assemble a protein

33
Q

What are the stop codons in protein synthesis

A

UAA, UAG and UGA

34
Q

On mRNA, a series of 3 nucleotides in sequence is called a ___

A

codon

35
Q

In cellular respiration, water is produced in which step?

A

etc

36
Q

the final acceptor of electrons in cellular respiration is …

A

oxygen

37
Q

_____ carries the information copied from a gene on the DNA to the ribosome to produce a specific protein

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

38
Q

How many ATP are produced during the citric acid cycle?

A

2

39
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

40
Q

is the synthesizing of nucleic acids catabolic or anabolic?

A

anabolic

41
Q

what can be broken down to produce ATP

A

carbohydrates fats and proteins

42
Q

do most metabolic reactions in your body use energy (ATP)?

A

yes

43
Q

In cellular respiration, cells can turn ___% of the energy released into ATP

A

75

44
Q

cells “burn” glucose in a process called _____

A

oxidation

45
Q
A
46
Q

Why is protein synthesis sometimes referred to as Gene Expression?

A

because a gene is the code for a protein, but the traits in this gene are not expressed unless the protein is made

Anatomy (13 decks)

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