Chapter 3 and 4 Flashcards
What is the function of the mitochondria?
produce ATP by releasing energy from glucose molecules
Where does protein synthesis take place
ribosomes
What do enzymes do?
- lower activation energy for reaction
- alter the rate of metabolic reactions
- are not consumed or changed as a result of the reactions they control
why are enzymes needed to promote metabolic reactions in the body
the temp in cells is not high enough to promote the increase in chemical reaction rates
how can enzymes be denatured
- heat and radiation
- chemicals and extremes of pH
- electricity
what are two examples of an anabolic reaction
- the making of proteins
- the making of a disaccharide from monosaccharides
what are the nitrogen bases found in DNA
- Adenine
- guanine
- cytosine
- thymine
DNA is composed of approximately 3 billion _____
nucleotide pairs
the DNA of a cell is replicated during _____
s stage of the cell cycle
In DNA replication, hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides are broken and the DNA is unzipped by _____
Helicase
In DNA replication new strands of DNA are produced by this enzyme
DNA polymerase
In creating a DNA complementary strand to the DNA template, adenine always binds with
thymine
in cellular respiration, where does aerobic cellular respiration take place?
mitochondria of a cell
How many ATP are produced in the citric acid cycle?
2
what is created during glycolysis
- 2 NADH
- net 2 ATP
- high energy electrons
- 2 pyruvic acids
what is the first step of changing glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules called?
glycolysis
in cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is produced during…
citric acid cycle
how many ATP does glycolysis produce
net gain of 2
Where is most of the ATOP produced as a result of cellular respiration?
during the etc
In cellular respiration, the electron transport chain happens in the ____
mitochondria
During protein synthesis, the actual assembling of proteins takes place…
at the ribosome in the cytoplasm of a cell
What is the starter codon for the process of protein synthesis?
AUG
The process of copying a gene of DNA into mRNA is called
transcription
The enzyme responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides for the formation of mRNA is
RNA polymerase
During the translation of protein synthesis mRNA is translated (read) by:
t-RNA with anticodon
small DNA segments copied during DNA replication because they are on the lagging strand and run opposite to the leading strand are called?
okazaki fragments
As a result of mitosis what is produced?
2 new diploid nuclei
in which stage of mitosis do chromosomes first appear
prophase
in mitosis the new nuclei made at the end of telophase have…
the exact same DNA information in each nucleus
which stage of meiosis does crossing-over happen?
Prophase I
What is produced as a result of meiosis II and then cytokinesis
4 new non-identical haploid cells
in meisos, at the end of telophase I, the new nuclei have
46 chromosomes inside each nuclei
the nucelai produced as a result of meiosis will go into…
gametes
Translation is when…
mRNA is read by tRNA to assemble a protein
What are the stop codons in protein synthesis
UAA, UAG and UGA
On mRNA, a series of 3 nucleotides in sequence is called a ___
codon
In cellular respiration, water is produced in which step?
etc
the final acceptor of electrons in cellular respiration is …
oxygen
_____ carries the information copied from a gene on the DNA to the ribosome to produce a specific protein
messenger RNA (mRNA)
How many ATP are produced during the citric acid cycle?
2
is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic
is the synthesizing of nucleic acids catabolic or anabolic?
anabolic
what can be broken down to produce ATP
carbohydrates fats and proteins
do most metabolic reactions in your body use energy (ATP)?
yes
In cellular respiration, cells can turn ___% of the energy released into ATP
75
cells “burn” glucose in a process called _____
oxidation
Why is protein synthesis sometimes referred to as Gene Expression?
because a gene is the code for a protein, but the traits in this gene are not expressed unless the protein is made
