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Anatomy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What drives the movement of matter within and between the systems of the human body?

A

energy

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2
Q

How is energy stored and released?

A

through the creation and destruction of chemical bonds

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3
Q

What happens when someone has celiac disease?

A

their own body’s immune system attacks and gradually damages the villi of the small intestine where nutrient absorption usually occurs

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4
Q

What are the top seven most abundant elements in the body in order

A

Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)

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5
Q

What percent of the human body is O

A

65%

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6
Q

What percent of the human body is C

A

18.5%

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7
Q

What percent of the human body is H

A

9.5%

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8
Q

What percent of the human body is N

A

3.2%

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9
Q

What percent of the human body is Ca

A

1.5%

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10
Q

What percent of the human body is P

A

1.0%

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11
Q

What percent of the human body is K

A

.4%

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12
Q

What are the 4 elements after the top 7?

A

Sulfur (S)
Chlorine (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)

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13
Q

What are the trace elements

A

Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
Zn
I
F

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14
Q

Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located?

A

protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom with the electrons surrounding it

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15
Q

What are the names of the following elements?
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
Zn
I
F

A

chromium
manganese
iron
cobalt
copper
zinc
iodine
fluorine

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16
Q

Where are metals on the periodic table

A

left of the metalloid line excluding hydrogen

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17
Q

where are metalloids located on the periodic table

A

the 6 diagonal elements

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18
Q

where are the non-metals located on the periodic table

A

right of the metalloid line including hydrogen

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19
Q

How can you determine if an element is an ion

A

there are a different number of protons and electrons

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20
Q

How do you know if an element is a gas at room temperature?

A

red

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21
Q

How do you know if an element is a solid at room temperature?

A

black

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22
Q

How do you know if an element is a liquid at room temperature?

A

blue

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23
Q

How do you determine if an element is stable

A

an atom that has its outside energy level full of electrons

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24
Q

How do you determine if an element is neutral

A

an element is neutral when the number of electrons and protons are the same

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25
Q

How do you determine the number of protons

A

the atomic number

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26
Q

How do you determine if an element is an isotope

A

atom has a different number of neutrons in its nucleus

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27
Q

how many electrons can each energy level hold

A

2
8
18
32

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28
Q

What is an ion

A

a charged atom

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29
Q

What is an atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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30
Q

atomic mass number

A

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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31
Q

What is period #

A

tells how many energy levels an atom has

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32
Q

What does the Roman numeral tell us

A

how many electrons are in the outer shell of an atom (valence electrons)

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33
Q

How do you determine the number of neutrons

A

mass # - atomic #

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34
Q

What is an ionic bond

A

bonds found between metals and non-metals that hold the atoms together in compound form

35
Q

When do ionic bonds form

A

when electrons are exchanged between atoms

36
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

bonds found between non-metals that hold the atoms together in a compound or molecular form

37
Q

when do covalent bonds form

A

when electrons are shared between non-metal atoms

38
Q

What is a synthesis reaction

A

A + B -> AB

39
Q

What is a decomposition reaction

A

AB -> A + B

40
Q

What is an exchange reaction

A

AB + C -> AC + B
AB + CD -> AC + BD

41
Q

What are acids

A

electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water

42
Q

What are bases

A

electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions; often described as releasing hydroxide ions (OH-)

43
Q

What does the pH scale measure

A

the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

44
Q

what is the range for an acid

A

.1-6.9

45
Q

What is the range for a neutral substance

A

7

46
Q

What is the range for a base

A

7.1-14

47
Q

What is the pH of gastric juice

A

2.0

48
Q

What is the pH of human blood

A

7.4

49
Q

What is the pH of sodium bicarbonate

A

8.4

50
Q

What are non-electives

A

substances that do not release ions when dissolved in water

51
Q

What does pH stand for

A

potential hydrogenation

52
Q

what is a base also called?

A

alkaline (or basic)

53
Q

What is the difference between a chemical/molecular formula and a structural formula?

A

chemical is C6H12O6 and says the number of atoms of each element whereas structural also shows how these atoms are arranged in molecules

54
Q

What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of hydrogen

A

H2
and
H - H

55
Q

What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of Oxygen

A

O2
O = O

56
Q

What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of water

A

H2O
H H
\ /
O

57
Q

What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of Carbon dioxide

A

CO2
O = C = O

58
Q

What kinds of elements are ionic bonds formed between?

A

metals and non-metals

59
Q

What kind of elements are covalent bonds formed between

A

Non-metals

60
Q

What causes proteins to become denatured?

A

external factors like heat, pH changes, or exposure to chemicals

61
Q

What happens when a protein is denatured?

A

the protein “unfolds” or changes shape causing them to lose their functionality

62
Q

What gives a protein its function/role?

A

conformation and sequence of amino acids

63
Q

_____ are organic substances composed of C, H, O, N, P that are lorage and complex

A

Nucleic acids

64
Q

what do nucleotides contain

A

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base

65
Q

What are inorganic substances?

A

substances that do not contain both C and H

66
Q

Do inorganic substances dissolve or react to water?

A

yes, to release ions (electrolytes)

67
Q

What are types of inorganic substances in cells?

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts

68
Q

What is the most abundant compound in living material?

A

water

69
Q

water is the major component of _____

A

blood and other body fluids

70
Q

Oxygen is transported throughout the body by _____

A

blood (erythrocyte)

71
Q

Oxygen is used in what process? What does it do?

A

cellular respiration
produces ATP

72
Q

what is carbon dioxide

A

waste product of cellular respiration

73
Q

salts are abundant in _____

A

tissues and fluids

74
Q

what do salts provide

A

many necessary ions for the body

75
Q

what are examples of ions

A

calcium ions
sodium ions
chlorine ions
magnesium ions
potassium ions
phosphate ions

76
Q

what are the two types of cells and what are the difference

A

prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
eukaryotic (has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)

77
Q

What are the main structures of a cell

A

plasma/cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm/organelles

78
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

protection
semi-permeable
communication

79
Q

how does the plasma membrane protect

A

serves as a barrier from the outside of the cell

80
Q

how is the plasma membrane semi-permeable

A

allows only certain molecules to enter or exit

81
Q

how do plasma membranes communicate

A

they allow cells to talk to their surroundings

82
Q

what is the composition of the plasma membrane?

A

lipids (phospholipids)
proteins
carbohydrate chains
some cholesterol

83
Q

what do phospholipids molecules do in the plasma membrane

A
  • double layer that acts as the
    barrier for the cell
  • allows oxygen, carbon dioxide,
    steroids to enter and exit but
    few other molecules can get
    though this layer
84
Q

The phospholipid molecules in the plasma membrane allow _____ to enter and exit but _____ can get though this layer

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids
few other molecules

Anatomy (13 decks)

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