Chapter 2 Flashcards
What drives the movement of matter within and between the systems of the human body?
energy
How is energy stored and released?
through the creation and destruction of chemical bonds
What happens when someone has celiac disease?
their own body’s immune system attacks and gradually damages the villi of the small intestine where nutrient absorption usually occurs
What are the top seven most abundant elements in the body in order
Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
What percent of the human body is O
65%
What percent of the human body is C
18.5%
What percent of the human body is H
9.5%
What percent of the human body is N
3.2%
What percent of the human body is Ca
1.5%
What percent of the human body is P
1.0%
What percent of the human body is K
.4%
What are the 4 elements after the top 7?
Sulfur (S)
Chlorine (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)
What are the trace elements
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
Zn
I
F
Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located?
protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom with the electrons surrounding it
What are the names of the following elements?
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
Zn
I
F
chromium
manganese
iron
cobalt
copper
zinc
iodine
fluorine
Where are metals on the periodic table
left of the metalloid line excluding hydrogen
where are metalloids located on the periodic table
the 6 diagonal elements
where are the non-metals located on the periodic table
right of the metalloid line including hydrogen
How can you determine if an element is an ion
there are a different number of protons and electrons
How do you know if an element is a gas at room temperature?
red
How do you know if an element is a solid at room temperature?
black
How do you know if an element is a liquid at room temperature?
blue
How do you determine if an element is stable
an atom that has its outside energy level full of electrons
How do you determine if an element is neutral
an element is neutral when the number of electrons and protons are the same
How do you determine the number of protons
the atomic number
How do you determine if an element is an isotope
atom has a different number of neutrons in its nucleus
how many electrons can each energy level hold
2
8
18
32
What is an ion
a charged atom
What is an atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic mass number
the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
What is period #
tells how many energy levels an atom has
What does the Roman numeral tell us
how many electrons are in the outer shell of an atom (valence electrons)
How do you determine the number of neutrons
mass # - atomic #
What is an ionic bond
bonds found between metals and non-metals that hold the atoms together in compound form
When do ionic bonds form
when electrons are exchanged between atoms
What is a covalent bond
bonds found between non-metals that hold the atoms together in a compound or molecular form
when do covalent bonds form
when electrons are shared between non-metal atoms
What is a synthesis reaction
A + B -> AB
What is a decomposition reaction
AB -> A + B
What is an exchange reaction
AB + C -> AC + B
AB + CD -> AC + BD
What are acids
electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water
What are bases
electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions; often described as releasing hydroxide ions (OH-)
What does the pH scale measure
the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
what is the range for an acid
.1-6.9
What is the range for a neutral substance
7
What is the range for a base
7.1-14
What is the pH of gastric juice
2.0
What is the pH of human blood
7.4
What is the pH of sodium bicarbonate
8.4
What are non-electives
substances that do not release ions when dissolved in water
What does pH stand for
potential hydrogenation
what is a base also called?
alkaline (or basic)
What is the difference between a chemical/molecular formula and a structural formula?
chemical is C6H12O6 and says the number of atoms of each element whereas structural also shows how these atoms are arranged in molecules
What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of hydrogen
H2
and
H - H
What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of Oxygen
O2
O = O
What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of water
H2O
H H
\ /
O
What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of Carbon dioxide
CO2
O = C = O
What kinds of elements are ionic bonds formed between?
metals and non-metals
What kind of elements are covalent bonds formed between
Non-metals
What causes proteins to become denatured?
external factors like heat, pH changes, or exposure to chemicals
What happens when a protein is denatured?
the protein “unfolds” or changes shape causing them to lose their functionality
What gives a protein its function/role?
conformation and sequence of amino acids
_____ are organic substances composed of C, H, O, N, P that are lorage and complex
Nucleic acids
what do nucleotides contain
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
What are inorganic substances?
substances that do not contain both C and H
Do inorganic substances dissolve or react to water?
yes, to release ions (electrolytes)
What are types of inorganic substances in cells?
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts
What is the most abundant compound in living material?
water
water is the major component of _____
blood and other body fluids
Oxygen is transported throughout the body by _____
blood (erythrocyte)
Oxygen is used in what process? What does it do?
cellular respiration
produces ATP
what is carbon dioxide
waste product of cellular respiration
salts are abundant in _____
tissues and fluids
what do salts provide
many necessary ions for the body
what are examples of ions
calcium ions
sodium ions
chlorine ions
magnesium ions
potassium ions
phosphate ions
what are the two types of cells and what are the difference
prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
eukaryotic (has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
What are the main structures of a cell
plasma/cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm/organelles
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
protection
semi-permeable
communication
how does the plasma membrane protect
serves as a barrier from the outside of the cell
how is the plasma membrane semi-permeable
allows only certain molecules to enter or exit
how do plasma membranes communicate
they allow cells to talk to their surroundings
what is the composition of the plasma membrane?
lipids (phospholipids)
proteins
carbohydrate chains
some cholesterol
what do phospholipids molecules do in the plasma membrane
- double layer that acts as the
barrier for the cell - allows oxygen, carbon dioxide,
steroids to enter and exit but
few other molecules can get
though this layer
The phospholipid molecules in the plasma membrane allow _____ to enter and exit but _____ can get though this layer
oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids
few other molecules
