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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What drives the movement of matter within and between the systems of the human body?

A

energy

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2
Q

How is energy stored and released?

A

through the creation and destruction of chemical bonds

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3
Q

What happens when someone has celiac disease?

A

their own body’s immune system attacks and gradually damages the villi of the small intestine where nutrient absorption usually occurs

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4
Q

What are the top seven most abundant elements in the body in order

A

Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)

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5
Q

What percent of the human body is O

A

65%

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6
Q

What percent of the human body is C

A

18.5%

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7
Q

What percent of the human body is H

A

9.5%

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8
Q

What percent of the human body is N

A

3.2%

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9
Q

What percent of the human body is Ca

A

1.5%

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10
Q

What percent of the human body is P

A

1.0%

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11
Q

What percent of the human body is K

A

.4%

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12
Q

What are the 4 elements after the top 7?

A

Sulfur (S)
Chlorine (Cl)
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)

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13
Q

What are the trace elements

A

Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
Zn
I
F

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14
Q

Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located?

A

protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom with the electrons surrounding it

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15
Q

What are the names of the following elements?
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Cu
Zn
I
F

A

chromium
manganese
iron
cobalt
copper
zinc
iodine
fluorine

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16
Q

Where are metals on the periodic table

A

left of the metalloid line excluding hydrogen

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17
Q

where are metalloids located on the periodic table

A

the 6 diagonal elements

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18
Q

where are the non-metals located on the periodic table

A

right of the metalloid line including hydrogen

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19
Q

How can you determine if an element is an ion

A

there are a different number of protons and electrons

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20
Q

How do you know if an element is a gas at room temperature?

A

red

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21
Q

How do you know if an element is a solid at room temperature?

A

black

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22
Q

How do you know if an element is a liquid at room temperature?

A

blue

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23
Q

How do you determine if an element is stable

A

an atom that has its outside energy level full of electrons

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24
Q

How do you determine if an element is neutral

A

an element is neutral when the number of electrons and protons are the same

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25
How do you determine the number of protons
the atomic number
26
How do you determine if an element is an isotope
atom has a different number of neutrons in its nucleus
27
how many electrons can each energy level hold
2 8 18 32
28
What is an ion
a charged atom
29
What is an atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
30
atomic mass number
the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
31
What is period #
tells how many energy levels an atom has
32
What does the Roman numeral tell us
how many electrons are in the outer shell of an atom (valence electrons)
33
How do you determine the number of neutrons
mass # - atomic #
34
What is an ionic bond
bonds found between metals and non-metals that hold the atoms together in compound form
35
When do ionic bonds form
when electrons are exchanged between atoms
36
What is a covalent bond
bonds found between non-metals that hold the atoms together in a compound or molecular form
37
when do covalent bonds form
when electrons are shared between non-metal atoms
38
What is a synthesis reaction
A + B -> AB
39
What is a decomposition reaction
AB -> A + B
40
What is an exchange reaction
AB + C -> AC + B AB + CD -> AC + BD
41
What are acids
electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water
42
What are bases
electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions; often described as releasing hydroxide ions (OH-)
43
What does the pH scale measure
the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
44
what is the range for an acid
.1-6.9
45
What is the range for a neutral substance
7
46
What is the range for a base
7.1-14
47
What is the pH of gastric juice
2.0
48
What is the pH of human blood
7.4
49
What is the pH of sodium bicarbonate
8.4
50
What are non-electives
substances that do not release ions when dissolved in water
51
What does pH stand for
potential hydrogenation
52
what is a base also called?
alkaline (or basic)
53
What is the difference between a chemical/molecular formula and a structural formula?
chemical is C6H12O6 and says the number of atoms of each element whereas structural also shows how these atoms are arranged in molecules
54
What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of hydrogen
H2 and H - H
55
What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of Oxygen
O2 O = O
56
What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of water
H2O H H \ / O
57
What is the chemical/molecular and structural formula of Carbon dioxide
CO2 O = C = O
58
What kinds of elements are ionic bonds formed between?
metals and non-metals
59
What kind of elements are covalent bonds formed between
Non-metals
60
What causes proteins to become denatured?
external factors like heat, pH changes, or exposure to chemicals
61
What happens when a protein is denatured?
the protein "unfolds" or changes shape causing them to lose their functionality
62
What gives a protein its function/role?
conformation and sequence of amino acids
63
_____ are organic substances composed of C, H, O, N, P that are lorage and complex
Nucleic acids
64
what do nucleotides contain
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
65
What are inorganic substances?
substances that do not contain both C and H
66
Do inorganic substances dissolve or react to water?
yes, to release ions (electrolytes)
67
What are types of inorganic substances in cells?
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts
68
What is the most abundant compound in living material?
water
69
water is the major component of _____
blood and other body fluids
70
Oxygen is transported throughout the body by _____
blood (erythrocyte)
71
Oxygen is used in what process? What does it do?
cellular respiration produces ATP
72
what is carbon dioxide
waste product of cellular respiration
73
salts are abundant in _____
tissues and fluids
74
what do salts provide
many necessary ions for the body
75
what are examples of ions
calcium ions sodium ions chlorine ions magnesium ions potassium ions phosphate ions
76
what are the two types of cells and what are the difference
prokaryotic (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) eukaryotic (has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
77
What are the main structures of a cell
plasma/cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm/organelles
78
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
protection semi-permeable communication
79
how does the plasma membrane protect
serves as a barrier from the outside of the cell
80
how is the plasma membrane semi-permeable
allows only certain molecules to enter or exit
81
how do plasma membranes communicate
they allow cells to talk to their surroundings
82
what is the composition of the plasma membrane?
lipids (phospholipids) proteins carbohydrate chains some cholesterol
83
what do phospholipids molecules do in the plasma membrane
- double layer that acts as the barrier for the cell - allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids to enter and exit but few other molecules can get though this layer
84
The phospholipid molecules in the plasma membrane allow _____ to enter and exit but _____ can get though this layer
oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids few other molecules

Anatomy (21 decks)

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