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Anatomy > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

the basic unit of structure and function in organisms

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2
Q

Who discovered cells and when

A

Robert Hooke; 1665

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3
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  • All organisms are made up of one or more cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all organisms
  • All cells come from other cells that already exist
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4
Q

Who invented the complex microscope

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

What are the two types of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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6
Q

what are prokaryotic cells

A

cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

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7
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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8
Q

Are all cells the same shape and size?

A

no

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9
Q

why do cells come in different shapes and sizes

A

different tissues contain cells with different sizes and shapes for functional purposes

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10
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A molecule that specifically binds to a receptor protein on a cell’s plasma membrane

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11
Q

what are examples of ligands

A

hormones, neurotransmitters, nutrients, enzymes, ions, antibodies

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12
Q

What are the main structures of a cell

A

plasma membrane (cell membrane)
nucleus
cytoplasm/organelles

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13
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane

A
  • protection (serves as a barrier from the outside of the cell)
  • semi-permeable/selectively permeable (allows only certain molecules to enter or exit)
  • communication (allows cells to talk to their surroundings)
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14
Q

What is the composition of the plasma membrane?

A
  • lipids (phospholipids)(cell membrane)
  • proteins (cell membrane)
  • Carbohydrate chains
  • some cholesterol
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15
Q

What do the phospholipid molecules in the plasma membrane do?

A
  • double layer that acts as a barrier for the cell
  • allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, steriods to enter and exit but few other molecules can get through this layer
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16
Q

What are the 3 cell surface proteins

A

marker proteins, channel proteins, and receptor proteins

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17
Q

What do marker proteins do?

A

identify the cell

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18
Q

What do channel proteins do?

A

allows specific molecules to enter and exit

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19
Q

What do receptor proteins do?

A

allows cells to communicate

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20
Q

What is the name given to cell surface proteins that extend through the lipid bilayer and may protrude from one or both sides of the cell membrane

A

integral protein

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21
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

the area inside the cell surrounding the nucleus

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22
Q

What is found inside the cytoplasm of the cell?

A

organelles

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23
Q

What fluid is found in the cytoplasm of the cell?

A

cytosol

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24
Q

How is the nuclear membrane similar to the cell membrane

A

they look the same and have the same composition

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25
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA
Nucleolus (produces ribosomes)

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26
Q

The nucleus is enclosed by _____

A

the nuclear membrane

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27
Q

What does the nuclear membrane do

A

acts just like the plasma membrane of the cell

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28
Q

What is the composition of the nuclear membrane

A
  • lipids (phospholipids)
  • proteins
  • Carbohydrate chains
  • some cholesterol
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29
Q

What are the two ways in which molecules can enter and exit through the plasma membrane?

A

active transport and passive transport

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30
Q

What is passive transport

A
  • no energy is used by the cell
  • used to get things in and out of the membrane
  • diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration
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31
Q

WHat is active transport?

A
  • cell’s energy must be used (40%)
  • endocytosis and exocytosis
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32
Q

What are the four types of passive transport systems?

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

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33
Q

Which passive transport systems require a concentration gradient of high to low?

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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34
Q

How did molecules enter and exit through the plasma membrane?

A

passive and active transport

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35
Q

What is it called when molecules move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane

A

diffusion

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36
Q

What is it called when molecules
of water move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell’s membrane

A

osmosis

37
Q

What specific molecules in the human body enter and exit through diffusion?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids

38
Q

How does osmosis differ from diffusion

A
  • water instead of other molecules
  • water moves through the pores in the membrane not directly through the phospholipid bilayer
39
Q

When molecules are too large to enter or exit by normal means and instead have to enter or exit through special carrier proteins

A

facilitated diffision

40
Q

Facilitated diffusion is how ___ and ___ enter the cell

A

glucose and some ions

41
Q

Molecules are forced from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure

A

filtration

42
Q

Does filtration have to be from high concentration to low concentration?

A

no

43
Q

What is an example of filtration

A

water leaving capillaries

44
Q

What are the two types of active transport systems?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

45
Q

The movement of molecules in through the plasma membrane, usually too large to enter any other way

A

Endocytosis

46
Q

What are the types of endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

47
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

fluids entering in through the plasma membrane

48
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

solids (molecules like proteins and carbohydrates) entering in through the plasma membrane

49
Q

The movement of moolecules out of the plasma membrane, that are usually too large to exit by itself

A

exocytosis

50
Q

What is the definition of the cell cycle?

A

The life span/cycle of a cell. (The stages of a cell’s life.)
The series of changes that a cell undergoes, from the time it forms until it divides.

51
Q

What organelle forms ribosomes?

A

nucleolus

52
Q

What organelle houses the genetic information (DNA)

A

nucleus

53
Q

What organelle surrounds the nucleus?

A

nuclear membrane/envelope

54
Q

What organelle provides structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins

A

ribosomes

55
Q

What organelle forms the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules and microfilaments

56
Q

What organelle is part of the centrosomes, cilia and flagella?

A

microtubules and microfilaments

57
Q

What organelle forms bundles and provides cell motility?

A

microfilament

58
Q

which is bigger: microfilament or microtubules

A

microtubules

59
Q

What organelle moves fluids such as mucus over the surface of certain tissies

A

cillia

60
Q

What organelle contains centrioles and microtubules?

A

centrosome

61
Q

What organelle is the genetic information?

A

chromatin

62
Q

What organelle refines, packages, and transports proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with the ER

A

golgi apparatus

63
Q

What organelle is primarily in the cytoplasm of liver and kidney cells

A

proxisomes

64
Q

What organelle moves in a wave, which begins at its base, that allows the cell to “swim”

A

flagella

65
Q

What organelle stores or transports distances within a cell between cells

A

vesicles

66
Q

What organelle extracts energy from the nutrients in digested food? Where is it located?

A

mitochondria; cytoplasm

67
Q

What organelle digests waste materials and cellular debrais using enzymes? It also recycles damaged organelles and helps defend against pathogens. Where is it located?

A

lysosomes; cytoplasm near the ER and golgi apparatus

68
Q

What organelle stores excess water and food?

A

vacuoles (plants only)

69
Q

What organelle can identify and dismantle misfolded proteins?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

What organelle is a thread-like strand?

A

microtubules, and microfilaments

71
Q

What organelle provides structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins?

A

ribosomes

72
Q

What organelle has nuclear pores that allow certain molecules to exit the nucleus?

A

nuclear membrane/envelope

73
Q

What organelle maintains the acidic pH that enables the enzymes to function and shield the rest of the cell from the acidic conditions?

A

lysosomes

74
Q

What organelle transports molecules from one cell part to another

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

75
Q

What organelle houses enzymes and catalyzes a variety of biochemical reactions

A

peroxisomes

76
Q

What organelle (sometimes) has receptors that detect molecules that signal sensations to cells
(these organelles on cells deep in the nasal cavity assist in the sense of smell)

A

cillia

77
Q

What 5 characteristics do cancers share and their meaning

A

hyperplasia - uncontrolled cell division
dedifferentiation - loss of specialized structures and functions of cell
invasiveness - ability of cancer cells to break through boundaries (basement membranes)
angiogenesis - induce extension of nearby blood vessels
metastasis - spread of cancer cells to other tissues through the bloodstream

78
Q

what does the restriction checkpoint do

A

determines cells fate
whether it will continue to divide, become specialized, or die

79
Q

what may cause cell division

A

stimulation from a hormone or growth factor

80
Q

do all cells divide?

A

no; nerve cells do not divide

81
Q

what cells need telomerase in order to stay long

A

bone marrow

82
Q

when do chromosomes become visible

A

prophase

83
Q

What is mitosis

A

division of the nucleus

84
Q

What happens at prophase?

A

chromosomes become visible
centrioles move to opposite poles
nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
spindle fibers spread out

85
Q

What happens at metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the nucleus and attach to a spindle fiber

86
Q

What happens at anaphase

A

centromeres are pulled apart and chromatids become individual chromosomes

87
Q

What happens at telophase

A

nuclear envelope forms as well as nucleolus
chromatid becomes chromatin

88
Q

what is the definition of meiosis

A

process that separates the chromosomes in the nucleus of a germ cell, resulting in the production of four genetically different haploid nuclei

89
Q
A

Anatomy (9 decks)

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