Chapter 7 Test Flashcards
what are the long bones
femur
humerus
radius
metacarpals
phalanxes
what are the short bones
carpals and tarsals
what are the flat bones
bones of cranium, scapulae, sternum, hips, and ribs
what are the irregular bones
vertebrae, facial bones
what are the sesamoid bones
patella
what are the wormian bones
bones bw or within the sutures
what are the functions of bone
support and protection for the body and body organs
gives the body a framework
mineral homeostasis (calcium and phosphorus)
blood cell production (red bone marrow—hematopoiesis)
energy storage (yellow bone marrow)
what are the four kinds of bone cells
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteclasts
osteoprogenitor cells
unspecialized cells
can undergo mitosis
eventually will mature and turn into osteoblasts or osteoclasts
osteoblasts
bone cells that build new bone tissue, functions in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
make collagen and elastin protein fibers
will mature and turn into osteocytes
ostecytes
referred to as mature bone cells
maintains bone tissue (exchanges nutrients with blood)
osteoclasts
bone cells that break down bone (reapsorption of bone)
functions in remodeling and repair of bone
how does hGH affect gorwth
before puberty
how does estrogen and testosterone affect gwoth
after puberty
how does calcitonin affect growth
when the blood calcium is too high the thyroid gland produces this hormone to stimulate the production of osteoblasts
how does PTH affect growth
when the blood calcium is too low the parathyroid gland produces this hormone to stimulate the production of osteoclasts
what is the difference between spony bone and compact bone
spongey bone
found in the epiphysis of long bones
covered with compact bone
function: house red bone marrow for hematopoiesis
compact bone
found in the diaphysis of long bones
function: support strengthen and protect
what are the two different ways bones form
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
what bones form through intramembranous ossification
cranial bones, mandible, maxillae, and clavicle
what bones form through endochondral ossification
all other bones in the body
what are the three areas of a long bone
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
what is the function of the diaphysis region
shaft
contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels, nerves
what is the function of the epiphysis region
ends
contains red bone marrow
what is the function of the metaphysis region
small area between epiphysis and diaphysis, usually where growth plates are found
appendicular skeleton vs axial skeleton
axial skeleton: bones in your head, neck, back, and chest appendicular skeleton: pelvis and limbs
what does your body do when the blood calcium is too high
when the blood calcium is too high the thyroid gland produces calcitonin to stimulate the production of osteoblasts
what does your body do when the blood calcium is too low
when the blood calcium is too low the parathyroid gland produces PTH to stimulate the production of osteoclasts
what is the importance of blood calcium homeostasis
it is important in muscle contraction, nerve cell function, blood clotting, and other physiological processes
Effects of smoking
Slows the production of osteoblasts, slowing healing
Affects ability to absorb calcium, leading to lower bone density and weaker bones
Raises risk of cancer
ACL
Anterior cruciate ligament
What’s the lateral knee ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
What’s the medial knee ligament
Tibial collateral ligament
What serves as protective cushions in some joints
Particular disc
Fat pads
The strong cord like connective tissue that hold bones together at joints
Ligaments
Possible movements of shoulder
Abduction, abduction, flexion extension, elevate, depressed, rotation, circumduction
Movements of hip
Abduction, abduction, flexion extension, rotation, circumduction
Movements of elbow
Flexion extension
Movements of knee
Flexion extension
What type of tissue is found between the articulating bones of synarthrotic joints?
Fibrous connective tissue
What type of tissue is found between the articulating bones of most amphiarthrotic joints?
Cartilaginous
