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Anatomy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How many chemical reactions take place to keep the cell in homeostasis?

A

thousands

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2
Q

How often does energy need to be supplied for these chemical reactions and enzymes to control the rate at which these reactions take place.

A

constantly

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3
Q

what are some examples of chemical reactions

A

Cellular respiration, Protein synthesis, Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA replication

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4
Q

the set of chemical reactions that acquire, store, and release energy in cell

A

Cellular metabolism

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5
Q

where does the energy in cellular metabolism come from?

A

the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules from the diet

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6
Q

what are the two types of metabolic reactions

A

anabolic and catabolic

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7
Q

what do anabolic reactions do

A

build large molecules from small ones

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8
Q

what is an example of anabolic reactions?

A

dehydration synthesis

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9
Q

what do catabolic reactions do?

A

break down large molecules to small ones

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10
Q

what is an example of a catabolic reaction

A

hydrolysis

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11
Q

what are some examples of anabolic reactions by dehydration synthesis

A

1) The production of glycogen (polysaccharide)

2) The production of triglycerides

3) The production of proteins

4) The production of nucleic acids

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12
Q

WHat are some examples of catabolic reactions by hydrolysis

A

Examples of Catabolic reactions by hydrolysis

1) Breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides (Digestion)

2) Breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids.

3) Breakdown of proteins into amino acids.

4) Breakdown of nucleic acids into sugar, phosphoric acid, and purine/pyrimidine

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13
Q

Cells perform metabolic reactions that take _____ chemical changes that happen in a fast and orderly manner thanks to _____.

A

hundreds of; enzymes

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14
Q

Without enzymes, would cells stay in homeostasis?

A

no, without enzymes reactions in cells would not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis because body temperature is not high enough

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15
Q

Metabolic reactions need _____ to happen.

A

energy (ATP)

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16
Q

Enzymes are catalysts. Enzymes are proteins that work by _____.

A

lowering the activation energy and speed the rates of chemical reactions

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17
Q

Are enzymes consumed in their function to speed the rate of the reaction?

A

no

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18
Q

Does each enzyme acts on on one specific substrate or multiple?

A

one specific

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19
Q

How does an enzyme recognize its substrate?

A

by the enzymes conformation

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20
Q

When the substrate changes because enzyme acted, the reaction has taken place and a _____ is formed.

A

new product

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21
Q

Every cell contains _____ to help complete reactions

A

hundreds of ensymes

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22
Q

Are enzymatic reactions reversible

A

many are

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23
Q

What does the rade/speed of enzyme-controlled reactions depend on?

A
  • # of enzymes and substratemolecules in the cell
  • how many substrates an
    individual enzyme can process
    per second
24
Q

How many substrates can an individual enzyme produce per second

A

some enzymes can only process a few but other enzymes can process thousands per second

25
Q

factors that alter enzymes:
Most enzymes are _____ and they can be denatured by _____

A

proteins
exposure to hear
radiation
electricity
fluids with extreme pH values
certain chemicals

26
Q

what temp do enzymes become inactive

A

many at 45, nearly all denatured at 55

27
Q

Some enzymes are inactive until they _____

A

combine with a cofactor or coenzyme

28
Q

What is a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions

A

metabolic pathway

29
Q

What controls the entire rate off the metabolic pathway?

A

a single enzyme (regulatory enzyme

30
Q

Most metabolic reactions use _____

A

chemical energy

31
Q

_____ is held in the bonds between atoms of molecules and is released when _____

A

chemical energy
these bonds break

32
Q

when do cells burn glucose

A

in a process/reaction called oxidation

33
Q

Cells can only capture ____ of the energy released from breaking chemical bonds in cellular respiration to make ATP

A

40%

34
Q

An ATP molecule includes a chain of 3 phosphates, when _____ is broken off the _____ is released and the molecule is now ADP

A

the terminal phosphate;
ATP molecule energy

35
Q

How can ADP be converted back into ATP

A

cellular respiration

36
Q

oxidation _____ electrons

A

loses

37
Q

reduction _____ electrons

A

gains

38
Q

what is the function of this enzyme: helicase

A

“unzipping”
breaks H bonds between nucleotides into two strands

39
Q

what is the function of this enzyme: primase

A

“builder”
duplicates the DNA

40
Q

what is the function of this enzyme: DNA polymerase

A

binds to the primer and makes the new strand
puts DNA where RNA was

41
Q

what is the function of this enzyme: exonuclease

A

removes all the RNA primers

42
Q

what is the function of this enzyme: DNA ligase

A

seals the fragments in both strands

43
Q

What do nucleotides to

A

pair with complementary bases to form new strands

44
Q

what are nitrogen bases

A

molecules in DNA that pair up during replication

45
Q

what are hydrogen bonds

A

bases are paired together with hydrogen bonds

46
Q

what is a double helix

A

twisted DNA that unwinds to form 2 new strands

47
Q

what is the replication fork

A

where it started to split open from the helicase

48
Q

what is the DNA template

A

og DNA that helps creat complementary strands

49
Q

what is 5’ to 3’

A

determines how each strand of DNA is replicated
HAS TO GO IN TRAIT ORDER

50
Q

what is the leading strand

A

made continuously from 5’ to 3’

51
Q

what is the lagging strand

A

strand copied in fragments(okazaki fragments)

52
Q

what is a primer

A

the new DNA made by the primase

53
Q

what is the complementary strand

A

not the same DNA but complement each other

54
Q

what are okazaki fragments

A

fragments formed by lagging strand

55
Q

what is semi-conservative

A

each DNA molecule is made up of one og and one new

56
Q

what are the four DNA bases

A

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

57
Q

what is replication

A

copying of DNA during interphase

Anatomy (13 decks)

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