Chapter 4

Question 1

How many chemical reactions take place to keep the cell in homeostasis?

Answer 1

thousands

Question 2

How often does energy need to be supplied for these chemical reactions and enzymes to control the rate at which these reactions take place.

Answer 2

constantly

Question 3

what are some examples of chemical reactions

Answer 3

Cellular respiration, Protein synthesis, Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA replication

Question 4

the set of chemical reactions that acquire, store, and release energy in cell

Answer 4

Cellular metabolism

Question 5

where does the energy in cellular metabolism come from?

Answer 5

the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules from the diet

Question 6

what are the two types of metabolic reactions

Answer 6

anabolic and catabolic

Question 7

what do anabolic reactions do

Answer 7

build large molecules from small ones

Question 8

what is an example of anabolic reactions?

Answer 8

dehydration synthesis

Question 9

what do catabolic reactions do?

Answer 9

break down large molecules to small ones

Question 10

what is an example of a catabolic reaction

Answer 10

hydrolysis

Question 11

what are some examples of anabolic reactions by dehydration synthesis

Answer 11

1) The production of glycogen (polysaccharide)

2) The production of triglycerides

3) The production of proteins

4) The production of nucleic acids

Question 12

WHat are some examples of catabolic reactions by hydrolysis

Answer 12

Examples of Catabolic reactions by hydrolysis

1) Breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides (Digestion)

2) Breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids.

3) Breakdown of proteins into amino acids.

4) Breakdown of nucleic acids into sugar, phosphoric acid, and purine/pyrimidine

Question 13

Cells perform metabolic reactions that take _____ chemical changes that happen in a fast and orderly manner thanks to _____.

Answer 13

hundreds of; enzymes

Question 14

Without enzymes, would cells stay in homeostasis?

Answer 14

no, without enzymes reactions in cells would not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis because body temperature is not high enough

Question 15

Metabolic reactions need _____ to happen.

Answer 15

energy (ATP)

Question 16

Enzymes are catalysts. Enzymes are proteins that work by _____.

Answer 16

lowering the activation energy and speed the rates of chemical reactions

Question 17

Are enzymes consumed in their function to speed the rate of the reaction?

Answer 17

no

Question 18

Does each enzyme acts on on one specific substrate or multiple?

Answer 18

one specific

Question 19

How does an enzyme recognize its substrate?

Answer 19

by the enzymes conformation

Question 20

When the substrate changes because enzyme acted, the reaction has taken place and a _____ is formed.

Answer 20

new product

Question 21

Every cell contains _____ to help complete reactions

Answer 21

hundreds of ensymes

Question 22

Are enzymatic reactions reversible

Answer 22

many are

Question 23

What does the rade/speed of enzyme-controlled reactions depend on?

Answer 23

• # of enzymes and substratemolecules in the cell
• how many substrates an
  individual enzyme can process
  per second

Question 24

How many substrates can an individual enzyme produce per second

Answer 24

some enzymes can only process a few but other enzymes can process thousands per second

Question 25

factors that alter enzymes: Most enzymes are _____ and they can be denatured by _____

Answer 25

proteins exposure to hear radiation electricity fluids with extreme pH values certain chemicals

Question 26

what temp do enzymes become inactive

Answer 26

many at 45, nearly all denatured at 55

Question 27

Some enzymes are inactive until they _____

Answer 27

combine with a cofactor or coenzyme

Question 28

What is a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions

Answer 28

metabolic pathway

Question 29

What controls the entire rate off the metabolic pathway?

Answer 29

a single enzyme (regulatory enzyme

Question 30

Most metabolic reactions use _____

Answer 30

chemical energy

Question 31

_____ is held in the bonds between atoms of molecules and is released when _____

Answer 31

chemical energy these bonds break

Question 32

when do cells burn glucose

Answer 32

in a process/reaction called oxidation

Question 33

Cells can only capture ____ of the energy released from breaking chemical bonds in cellular respiration to make ATP

Answer 33

40%

Question 34

An ATP molecule includes a chain of 3 phosphates, when _____ is broken off the _____ is released and the molecule is now ADP

Answer 34

the terminal phosphate; ATP molecule energy

Question 35

How can ADP be converted back into ATP

Answer 35

cellular respiration

Question 36

oxidation _____ electrons

Answer 36

loses

Question 37

reduction _____ electrons

Answer 37

gains

Question 38

what is the function of this enzyme: helicase

Answer 38

"unzipping" breaks H bonds between nucleotides into two strands

Question 39

what is the function of this enzyme: primase

Answer 39

"builder" duplicates the DNA

Question 40

what is the function of this enzyme: DNA polymerase

Answer 40

binds to the primer and makes the new strand puts DNA where RNA was

Question 41

what is the function of this enzyme: exonuclease

Answer 41

removes all the RNA primers

Question 42

what is the function of this enzyme: DNA ligase

Answer 42

seals the fragments in both strands

Question 43

What do nucleotides to

Answer 43

pair with complementary bases to form new strands

Question 44

what are nitrogen bases

Answer 44

molecules in DNA that pair up during replication

Question 45

what are hydrogen bonds

Answer 45

bases are paired together with hydrogen bonds

Question 46

what is a double helix

Answer 46

twisted DNA that unwinds to form 2 new strands

Question 47

what is the replication fork

Answer 47

where it started to split open from the helicase

Question 48

what is the DNA template

Answer 48

og DNA that helps creat complementary strands

Question 49

what is 5' to 3'

Answer 49

determines how each strand of DNA is replicated HAS TO GO IN TRAIT ORDER

Question 50

what is the leading strand

Answer 50

made continuously from 5' to 3'

Question 51

what is the lagging strand

Answer 51

strand copied in fragments(okazaki fragments)

Question 52

what is a primer

Answer 52

the new DNA made by the primase

Question 53

what is the complementary strand

Answer 53

not the same DNA but complement each other

Question 54

what are okazaki fragments

Answer 54

fragments formed by lagging strand

Question 55

what is semi-conservative

Answer 55

each DNA molecule is made up of one og and one new

Question 56

what are the four DNA bases

Answer 56

adenine thymine cytosine guanine

Question 57

what is replication

Answer 57

copying of DNA during interphase