Chapter 1 Flashcards
List the levels of organization of the human body from smallest to largest
atom
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cells
tissue
organs
organ system
organism
List the characteristics of life
growth
reproduction
responsiveness
movement
metabolism
respiration
digestion
circulation
excretion
_____ - increase in cell number and size and increase in body size
growth
_____ - reaction to a change inside or outside of the body
responsiveness
_____ - producing new cells and organisms
reproduction
_____ - the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: Energy production and nutrient cycling
metabolism
_____ - change in body position or location; motion of internal irgans
movement
_____ - making energy. most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide
respiration
_____ - breaking down food into usable nutrients fo absorption into the blood
digestion
_____ - moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids
circulation
_____ - removing waste products
excretion
What are the 5 environmental requirements of an organism
food
water
oxygen
heat
pressure
What is the importance of water
-most abundant chemical in all living systems
-required for all metabolic processes
-carries substances within the organism
-regulates body temperature
What is the importance of oxygen
-20% of air
-releases energy from food sources
What is the importance of food
-gives nutrients
-is brought in and waste chemicals are eliminated
What is the importance of heat
product of metabolic reactions
What is the importance of pressure
-needed for us to breathe (atmospheric pressure: force on the outside of body due to the weight of air)
-heart action produces blood pressure which forces blood to flow through blood vessels (hydrostatic pressure: pressure liquid exerts due to the weight of water above)
What do receptors do?
(Ends of nerves) provide information on specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment. They send this info to the CNS.
What are set points?
tells what a particular value should be
- body temp: 37C or 98.6F
- the hypothalamus knows set point for body temp
What do effectors do
bring about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
- blood vessels, sweat glands, involuntary muscle contractions
Explain how receptors, set points, and effectors work together
(Ends of nerves) provide information on specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment. The hypothalamus detects the body temperature is (higher/lower) than the set point so nerve impulses are sent to the CNS.
-When the body temp is higher than the set point effectors cool the body down. Sweat glands activate to release heat and blood vessels dialate.
-When the body temp is lower than the set point effectors warm the body up by causing the muscles to involuntary contract and relax (shivering). Sweat glands are turned off and blood vessels constrict.
What is negative feedback
returns to set point level
What are two examples of negative feedback
When the body temp begins to drop, the body begins to shiver. These muscular contractions produce heat, which helps warm the body.
If a person is overheated they begin to sweat, carrying heat away from the body.
What is positive feedback?
changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions
What are two examples of positive feedback?
In blood clotting, chemicals that carry out clotting stimulate more clotting, minimizing bleeding.
Uterine contractions during childbirth stimulate more contractions
What are the two main body cavities?
Dorsal cavity
Ventral cavity
What cavities are in the dorsal cavity?
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
What cavities are in the ventral cavity?
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
which organs are in the cranial cavity
Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)
What organs are in the vertebral cavity
spinal cord
what organs are in the thoracic cavity
lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland
What organs are in the pelvic cavity
urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries
What organs are in the abdominal cavity?
adrenal gland, liver, gallbladdar, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidney, appendix, ureters, stomach
How is the thoracic cavity divided up?
L pleural, mediastinum, R pleural
What is contained in the mediastinum?
heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland
What is homeostasis?
stable internal environment
What is the parietal membrane?
membrane attached to the wall of a cavity
What is the visceral membrane?
deeper membrane that that covers an internal organ
What are the other cavities in addition to the main cavities?
oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear
Within the thoracic cavity, the compartments that contain the lungs, on either side of the mediastinum, are lined with a membrane called the _____
parietal pluera
What does the integumentary system consist of?
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
What is the function of the integumentary system?
- protect underlying tissues
- help regulate body temperature
- house many sensory receptors
- synthesize certain products
What does the skeletal system consist of?
bones, ligaments, cartilages
What is the function of the skeletal system?
- provide frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues
- attachments for muscles
- act with muscles when body parts move
- tissues within bones produce blood cells and store inorganic salts
What does the muscular system consist of?
skeletal muscles
What is the function of the muscular system?
- provide forces that move body parts
- main source of body heat
- maintain posture
What does the nervous system consist of?
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs,
What is the purpose of the nervous system?
- communicate with each other (cells of the nervous system), muscles, and glands
- these detect changes inside/outside the body
receive/interpret/respond to info, stimulate
muscles/glands to contract or secrete product
What does the endocrine system consist of?
hypothalamus; pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands; and the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus
What is the purpose of the endocrine system?
secretes hormones
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
pumps blood throughout the body carrying gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, and oxygen
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and a fluid called lymph
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
- transports tissue fluid back to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from digestive organs and into the bloodstream
- lymphatic system cells (lymphocytes) defend the body against infection by removing bad things from tissue fluid
What does the digestive system contain?
mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
breaks down food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed into bodily fluids
What does the respiratory system consist of?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
moves air in and out of lungs and exchanges gases between the blood and the air
What does the female reproductive system consist of?
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
What does the male reproductive system consist of?
scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra
What is the purpose of the female reproductive system?
- produce and maintain female sex cells and transport them within the female reproductive tract
- receive male sex cells
- support the development of embryos, carries fetuses to term, and function in the birth process
What is the purpose of the male reproductive system?
- produce and maintain sperm cells
- transfer sperm cells into the female reproductive tract
What does the urinary system consist of?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
What is the purpose of the urinary system?
- removes waste from blood and helps maintain the body water and electrolyte concentration
- stores urine and transports to outside of the body
