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Anatomy > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the levels of organization of the human body from smallest to largest

A

atom
molecule
macromolecule
organelle
cells
tissue
organs
organ system
organism

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2
Q

List the characteristics of life

A

growth
reproduction
responsiveness
movement
metabolism
respiration
digestion
circulation
excretion

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3
Q

_____ - increase in cell number and size and increase in body size

A

growth

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4
Q

_____ - reaction to a change inside or outside of the body

A

responsiveness

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5
Q

_____ - producing new cells and organisms

A

reproduction

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6
Q

_____ - the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: Energy production and nutrient cycling

A

metabolism

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6
Q

_____ - change in body position or location; motion of internal irgans

A

movement

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7
Q

_____ - making energy. most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

A

respiration

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8
Q

_____ - breaking down food into usable nutrients fo absorption into the blood

A

digestion

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9
Q

_____ - moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids

A

circulation

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10
Q

_____ - removing waste products

A

excretion

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11
Q

What are the 5 environmental requirements of an organism

A

food
water
oxygen
heat
pressure

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12
Q

What is the importance of water

A

-most abundant chemical in all living systems
-required for all metabolic processes
-carries substances within the organism
-regulates body temperature

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13
Q

What is the importance of oxygen

A

-20% of air
-releases energy from food sources

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14
Q

What is the importance of food

A

-gives nutrients
-is brought in and waste chemicals are eliminated

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15
Q

What is the importance of heat

A

product of metabolic reactions

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16
Q

What is the importance of pressure

A

-needed for us to breathe (atmospheric pressure: force on the outside of body due to the weight of air)
-heart action produces blood pressure which forces blood to flow through blood vessels (hydrostatic pressure: pressure liquid exerts due to the weight of water above)

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17
Q

What do receptors do?

A

(Ends of nerves) provide information on specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment. They send this info to the CNS.

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18
Q

What are set points?

A

tells what a particular value should be
- body temp: 37C or 98.6F
- the hypothalamus knows set point for body temp

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19
Q

What do effectors do

A

bring about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
- blood vessels, sweat glands, involuntary muscle contractions

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20
Q

Explain how receptors, set points, and effectors work together

A

(Ends of nerves) provide information on specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment. The hypothalamus detects the body temperature is (higher/lower) than the set point so nerve impulses are sent to the CNS.
-When the body temp is higher than the set point effectors cool the body down. Sweat glands activate to release heat and blood vessels dialate.
-When the body temp is lower than the set point effectors warm the body up by causing the muscles to involuntary contract and relax (shivering). Sweat glands are turned off and blood vessels constrict.

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21
Q

What is negative feedback

A

returns to set point level

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22
Q

What are two examples of negative feedback

A

When the body temp begins to drop, the body begins to shiver. These muscular contractions produce heat, which helps warm the body.

If a person is overheated they begin to sweat, carrying heat away from the body.

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23
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions

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24
Q

What are two examples of positive feedback?

A

In blood clotting, chemicals that carry out clotting stimulate more clotting, minimizing bleeding.

Uterine contractions during childbirth stimulate more contractions

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25
Q

What are the two main body cavities?

A

Dorsal cavity
Ventral cavity

26
Q

What cavities are in the dorsal cavity?

A

cranial cavity
vertebral cavity

27
Q

What cavities are in the ventral cavity?

A

thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

28
Q

which organs are in the cranial cavity

A

Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)

29
Q

What organs are in the vertebral cavity

A

spinal cord

30
Q

what organs are in the thoracic cavity

A

lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland

31
Q

What organs are in the pelvic cavity

A

urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries

31
Q

What organs are in the abdominal cavity?

A

adrenal gland, liver, gallbladdar, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidney, appendix, ureters, stomach

32
Q

How is the thoracic cavity divided up?

A

L pleural, mediastinum, R pleural

33
Q

What is contained in the mediastinum?

A

heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland

34
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

stable internal environment

35
Q

What is the parietal membrane?

A

membrane attached to the wall of a cavity

36
Q

What is the visceral membrane?

A

deeper membrane that that covers an internal organ

37
Q

What are the other cavities in addition to the main cavities?

A

oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear

38
Q

Within the thoracic cavity, the compartments that contain the lungs, on either side of the mediastinum, are lined with a membrane called the _____

A

parietal pluera

39
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

40
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A
  • protect underlying tissues
  • help regulate body temperature
  • house many sensory receptors
  • synthesize certain products
41
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A

bones, ligaments, cartilages

42
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A
  • provide frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues
  • attachments for muscles
  • act with muscles when body parts move
  • tissues within bones produce blood cells and store inorganic salts
43
Q

What does the muscular system consist of?

A

skeletal muscles

44
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A
  • provide forces that move body parts
  • main source of body heat
  • maintain posture
45
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs,

46
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A
  • communicate with each other (cells of the nervous system), muscles, and glands
    - these detect changes inside/outside the body
    receive/interpret/respond to info, stimulate
    muscles/glands to contract or secrete product
47
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

hypothalamus; pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands; and the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus

48
Q

What is the purpose of the endocrine system?

A

secretes hormones

49
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood

50
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

pumps blood throughout the body carrying gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, and oxygen

51
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and a fluid called lymph

52
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A
  • transports tissue fluid back to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from digestive organs and into the bloodstream
  • lymphatic system cells (lymphocytes) defend the body against infection by removing bad things from tissue fluid
53
Q

What does the digestive system contain?

A

mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine

54
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

A

breaks down food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed into bodily fluids

55
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

56
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

A

moves air in and out of lungs and exchanges gases between the blood and the air

57
Q

What does the female reproductive system consist of?

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

58
Q

What does the male reproductive system consist of?

A

scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra

59
Q

What is the purpose of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce and maintain female sex cells and transport them within the female reproductive tract
  • receive male sex cells
  • support the development of embryos, carries fetuses to term, and function in the birth process
60
Q

What is the purpose of the male reproductive system?

A
  • produce and maintain sperm cells
  • transfer sperm cells into the female reproductive tract
61
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

62
Q

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

A
  • removes waste from blood and helps maintain the body water and electrolyte concentration
  • stores urine and transports to outside of the body

Anatomy (13 decks)

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