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Kinesiology > Face And Throat Injuries > Flashcards

Face And Throat Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the head?

A

22

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2
Q

What are the immovable joints that hold the head bones together?

A

Sutures

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3
Q

What is the scalp?

A

Loose connective tissue and skin

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4
Q

Parts of the brain (40

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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5
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Surrounds and suspends the brain within the skull cavity

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6
Q

What does the CSF act as?

A

A cushion

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7
Q

Meninges

A

3 membranes surrounding brain/spinal cord

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8
Q

3 meninges

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • Pia mater
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9
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost dense layer

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10
Q

Arachnoid

A

Weblike delicate layer

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11
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost, thin layer that is highly vascularized and adheres closely to brain/cord

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12
Q

History in head injuries

A
  • previous head trauma
  • info regarding injury
  • MOI
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13
Q

Possible MOI in head injuries

A
  • direct blow
  • deceleration of head (whiplash)
  • shear force
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14
Q

Observation of head injury

A

What is normal for patient?

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15
Q

Palpation of head injury

A
  • cervical spine
  • skull
  • point tenderness or deformity
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16
Q

Concussion

A

A type of mild traumatic brain injury that can result in variety or presentations or deficits

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17
Q

MTBI

A

Mild traumatic brain injury

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18
Q

Common deficits of concussion

A
  • neurocognition deficits
  • balance difficulty
  • symptoms (headache, dizziness, ect)
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19
Q

What else can a concussion impact?

A
  • sleep
  • emotions or mood
  • vision and eye tracking
  • long term consequences
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20
Q

Does a concussion have diagnostic evidence/ is it a clear cut injury?

A

No

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21
Q

Why is a concussion hard to diagnose?

A

It is a disruption in brain function at a cellular level and doesn’t necessarily result in anatomical changes that you can see

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22
Q

Concussion evaluation

A
  • clinical exam and impression
  • neurocognitive function
  • signs and symptoms
  • balance assessment
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23
Q

Most important in concussion evaluation

A

Clinical exam

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24
Q

Optional steps in concussion evaluation

A
  • visual acuity and eye tracking
  • mood and emotional assessment
  • sleep disturbance
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25
Q

How to asses static balance

A

Determine patients ability to stand and remain motionless

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26
Q

2 types of static balance testing

A

-Romberg and BESS

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27
Q

Dynamic balance testing

A

Sensory Organization Test

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28
Q

BESS

A

Clinical battery of test that utilizes difference stances on both firm and foam surface

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29
Q

Errors in BESS

A
  • patient open eyes
  • takes hands off hips
  • step/ stumbles or falls
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30
Q

What happens with any LOC?

A

-ATC must remove athlete from competition and a cervical spine injury should be assumed

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31
Q

What measures should be used to determine readiness to play?

A

Objective

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32
Q

What is the timeline for return to baseline?

A

3-5 days

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33
Q

What should be resolved prior to returning to play?

A

All post-concussive symptoms

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34
Q

What can recurrent concussions produce?

A

Cumulative traumatic injury in the brain

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35
Q

Should return to play be immediate or gradual?

A

Gradual

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36
Q

What are the chances of another concussion after an initial concussion?

A

3-6 times greater

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37
Q

What must ATC be able to determine concerning care of concussion patient?

A

Need for physician referral and be able to decide if the patient can go home or go to the hospital

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38
Q

What should be at place at home following a concussion?

A

A system that allows for supervision and monitoring

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39
Q

Post concussion syndrome

A

Condition that occurs following a concussion

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40
Q

Symptoms of PCS

A

Patient complains of a range of post-concussion problems (persistant headaches, impaired memory, lack of concentration, anxiety and irritability, giddiness, fatigue, depression, visual disturbances).

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41
Q

When and how long does PCS start and last?

A

May begin immediately after injury and can last from weeks to months

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42
Q

Second impact syndrome results from…

A

Result of rapid swelling and herniation of brain after a second head injury before symptoms of the initial injury have resolves

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43
Q

What can second impact be like?

A

May be relatively minimal and not involve contact with the cranium

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44
Q

What does the impact lead to in SIS

A

Disrupts the brain’s blood auto regulatory system leading to swelling, increased intracranial pressure

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45
Q

Symptoms of SIS

A
  • often does not lose consciousness
  • looks stunned
  • w/in 15 sec to several minutes patient’s condition degrades rapidly (dilated pupils, loss of eye movement, LOC leading to coma, respiratory failure)
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46
Q

Management of SIS

A

-life threatening condition that must be addressed w/in 5 minutes w/ life saving measures performed at an emergency facility

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47
Q

Best management of SIS

A

Prevention from ATC’s perspective

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48
Q

cause of skull fracture

A

Blunt trauma

49
Q

Symptoms of skull fracture

A
  • severe headache and nausea
  • palapation may reveal deficit in skull
  • blood in middle ear, ear canal, nose, raccoon eyes, battle sign
  • CSF may appear in ear and nose
50
Q

Management of skull fracture

A

Immediate hospitalization and referral to neurosurgeon

51
Q

What causes epidural hematoma?

A

Blow to the head or skull fracture which tears meningeal arteries

52
Q

Is an epidural hematoma quick or slow?

A

Blood pressure, blood accumulation and creation of hematoma occurs rapidly

53
Q

Symptoms of epidural hematoma

A

LOC followed by a period of lucidity, showing few signs and symptoms of serious head injury

54
Q

Gradual progression of symptoms of epidural hematoma

A
  • head pains
  • dizziness
  • nausea
  • dilation of one pupil (saw side as injury)
  • deterioration of consciousness
  • nick rigidity
  • depression of pulse and respiration
  • convulsion
55
Q

Management of epidural hematoma

A

Urgent neurosurgical care and pressure must be relieved to avoid disability or death

56
Q

What may be required to diagnose epidural hematoma?

A

CT scan

57
Q

What causes subdural hematoma?

A

Acceleration/ deceleration forces that tear vessel that bridge dura mater and brain

58
Q

Is subdural hematoma acute or chronic?

A

Either

59
Q

Can subdural hematoma be in association with other brain injury?

A

Yes

60
Q

What causes subdural hematoma to be chronic?

A

Due to venous bleeding -slow bleed w/out serious intracranial pressure

61
Q

Symptoms of subdural hematoma

A
  • LOC generally does not occur

- headache, dizziness, nausea, sleepiness

62
Q

Is a subdural hematoma generally fast or slow?

A

Slower onset and progression

63
Q

Management of subdural hematoma

A
  • immediate medical attention

- CT or MRI is necessary to determine the extent of the injury

64
Q

What cause scalp injuries?

A

Blunt trauma or penetrating trauma

65
Q

Can scalp injuries occurs with serious head trauma?

A

Es

66
Q

Symptoms of scalp injuries

A

Patient complains of blow to the head and extensive bleeding (hard to pinpoint exact site)

67
Q

Management of scalp injuries

A
  • personal protective equipment
  • manage bleeding with dressings, pressure, hemostatic gauze
  • refer for suturing depending on location and size of wound
68
Q

Bony landmarks of the face (5)

A
  • TMJ
  • supraorbital ridge
  • zygomatic arch (cheek bones)
  • nasal bone
  • Mandible (lower jaw)
69
Q

What cause a jaw fracture?

A

Direct blow

70
Q

Symptoms of jaw fracture

A
  • deformity
  • loss of occupation
  • pain when biting
  • Bleeding around teeth
  • lower lip anesthesia
71
Q

Management of jaw fracture

A
  • temporary immobilization with elastic wrap
  • reduction
  • fixation
72
Q

Jaw dislocation cause

A

Generally a blow to an open mouth from the side

73
Q

What does jaw dislocation involve?

A

TMJ joint

74
Q

Symptoms of jaw dislocation

A

-locked-open position
Minimal ROM
-poor occulation

75
Q

Management of jaw dislocation

A
  • soft diet
  • NSAIDs
  • pain med
  • gradual return to activity 7-10 days following acute period
76
Q

Zygomatic fracture cause

A

Direct blow

77
Q

Symptoms of zygomatic fracture

A
  • deformity
  • nose bleed
  • numbness in cheek
78
Q

Management of zygomatic fracture

A

-control swelling and refer to physician

79
Q

How long will zygomatic fracture take to heal?

A

6-8 weeks

80
Q

What will be required with zygomatic fracture when returning t play?

A

Proper equipment

81
Q

Maxillary fracture (upper jaw)

A

Blow to upper jaw

82
Q

Symptoms of maxillary fracture

A
  • pain with chewing
  • malocclusion
  • nose bleed
  • diplopia
  • numbness of lip and cheek region
83
Q

What is diplopia?

A

Double vision

84
Q

Management of maxillary fracture

A
  • due to severe bleeding, airway must be maintained
  • must be aware of possible brain injury
  • transport to hospital immediately
85
Q

What causes a nasal fracture?

A

Direct blow

86
Q

Symptoms of nasal fracture

A

Bleeding and deformity

87
Q

Management of nasal fracture

A

-control bleeding
Refer to doctor for x-ray, exam, reduction
-uncomplicated and simple fractures will pose little problem for quick return
-splinting may be necessary

88
Q

Tooth fractures cause

A

Direct impact to jaw or direct trauma

89
Q

Symptoms of root fractures

A

Root fractures: difficult to determine and require follow up with x-ray

90
Q

uncomplicated tooth fracture

A

fragments w/o bleeding

91
Q

complicated tooth fracture

A

bleeding w/ tooth chamber being exposed w/great deal of pain

92
Q

Subluxated tooth

A

Referral should occur w/in first 48 hours

93
Q

Luxated tooth

A

Repositioning should be attempted along with immediate follow up

94
Q

Avulsion tooth

A

Should not be re-implanted except by dentist (use Save a Tooth kit, milk, or saline)

95
Q

Auriculaire hematoma

A

Cauliflower ear

96
Q

What cause cauliflower ear?

A

Either from compression or shear injury to the ear (single or repeated)

97
Q

What does cauliflower ear cause?

A

Subcutaneous bleeding

98
Q

What causes a tympanic membrane rupture?

A
  • fall or slap to the unprotected ear

- sudden underwater pressure variation

99
Q

TM rupture healing time

A

-small or moderate perforations usually heal in 1-2 weeks

100
Q

What can occur with TM rupture

A

Infection so it must be continuously monitored

101
Q

Symptoms of TM rupture

A
  • loud pop followed by pain in ear
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • dizziness
  • hearing loss
  • visible rupture seen through otoscope
102
Q

Parts of the eye (7)

A
  • eyelid
  • eyelashes
  • eyebrow
  • cornea
  • pupil
  • optic nerve
  • retina
103
Q

What causes an orbital hematoma?

A

Blow to the area surrounding the eye

104
Q

Orbital hematoma

A

Capillary bleeding

105
Q

Symptoms of orbital hematoma

A

Swelling and discoloration

106
Q

Management of orbital hematoma

A

-manage swelling

Do not blow nose

107
Q

Symptoms of orbital fracture

A
  • diplopia
  • restricted eye movement
  • downward displacement of eye
  • soft tissue swelling and hemorrhaging
108
Q

What is needed to confirm orbital fracture?

A

X-ray

109
Q

What causes corneal abrasion?

A

Foreign object produces considerable pain and disability

110
Q

Should you try to remove foreign object in corneal abrasion?

A

No

111
Q

Symptoms of corneal abrasion

A

-severe pain
-watering of eye
Photophobia

112
Q

Management of corneal abrasion

A

-patch eye and refer to physician

113
Q

What is required to diagnose corneal abrasion?

A

Flouresein strip (stains abrasion bright green)

114
Q

Hyphema

A

Blunt blow to the eye

-major eye injury that can lead to serious problems with eh lens, chronic or retina

115
Q

Globe rupture

A

Blow to the eye by an object small than the eye

-if globe is nit ruptured it can still result in blindness

116
Q

Retinal detachment

A

Blow to the eye can partially or completely separate the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium

117
Q

Throat injuries causes

A
  • direct blow (clothes-lining)

- trauma to the carotid artery, impacting blood flow to the brain

118
Q

Symptoms of throat injuries

A
  • Severe pain with coughing
  • speaking with hoarse voice
  • complaining of difficulty swallowing
119
Q

Management of throat injuries

A
  • airway integrity
  • manage swelling and pain
  • severe neck contusion may require stabilization w/ well padded collar

Kinesiology (23 decks)

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