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Kinesiology > Environmental Concerns: Exam 2 > Flashcards

Environmental Concerns: Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 areas of concern for environmental stress?

A
  • Hyperthermia
  • Hypothermia
  • Altitude
  • Lightening storms
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2
Q

Hyperthermia

A
  • condition where body temp is elevated

- caused a number of deaths over the years

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3
Q

What must an ATC be able to do concerning heat?

A
  • understand heat/ humidity factors to manage and plan accordingly with coaching staff
  • be able to recognize clinical signs/ symptoms of heat illness
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4
Q

Is heat stress preventable?

A

Yes

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5
Q

How can heat stress be avoided?

A

Use extreme caution when training in heat

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6
Q

What can increase risk of heat stress?

A

Underlying medical condition such as sickle cell trait

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7
Q

What other than hot weather can cause heat stress?

A

Dehydration and equipment

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8
Q

What 5 factors affect body temp?

A
  • metabolic heat production
  • conductive heat exchange
  • convective heat exchange
  • evaporative heat loss
  • radiant heat exchange
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9
Q

Metabolic heat production

A

“Running” temp of the body

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10
Q

Conductive heat exchange

A

Physical contact with objects

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11
Q

Convective heat exchange

A

Circulation of medium (air/ water)

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12
Q

Evaporative heat loss

A

Sweat must evaporate to dissipate heat

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13
Q

Radiant heat exchange

A

Sun v shade

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14
Q

Evaporative heat loss key (3)

A
  • evaporation of water takes heat with it
  • when radiant heat> body temp, evaporation is key
  • air must be relatively water free for evaporation to occur (65% impairs, 75% stops)
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15
Q

When should hydration begin?

A

24 hours prior

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16
Q

How can you monitor hydration?

A

Urine color

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17
Q

Mild dehydration

A

2% of body weight lost in fluid. This can cause problems

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18
Q

Is small amounts or large amounts of fluid better?

A

Small amounts at regular intervals prior to activity rather than large amount immediately before

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19
Q

Dehydration and concussions

A

Dehydration symptoms can mimic concussion symptoms so athlete should be removed from heat and monitored if in doubt

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20
Q

How can you monitor fluid loss?

A

Weight tracking

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21
Q

How much fluid does the body require?

A

2.5 L when engaged in minimal activity

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22
Q

How much water does an adult lose per hour?

A

1.5 L

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23
Q

What will trigger a thirst response?

A

2% drop in body weight

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24
Q

What is essential to replace fluid and electrolytes?

A

Unlimited access to fluids

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25
Q

Why are sports drinks more effective than water?

A
  • flavoring increases desire to consume
  • replaces fluids and electrolytes
  • small amounts of sodium help in water retention
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26
Q

What is the optimal CHO level?

A

14g per 8 ounces of water

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27
Q

What is the most effective method of avoiding heat stress?

A

Acclimatization

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28
Q

Acclimatization

A

Graded intensity changes are recommended with progressive exposure over a 7-10 day period

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29
Q

How long does it take to get 80% acclimated?

A

5-6 days

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30
Q

What is regulated during the acclimation period?

A

Equipment and apparel and length and amount of practices

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31
Q

Susceptible individuals

A
  • large muscle mass
  • overweight (increased metabolic weight
  • Poor fitness
  • history of heat illness
  • young and elderly
  • febrile condition
  • medication
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32
Q

How do women regulate heat compared to men?

A

More efficient with body temp regulation

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33
Q

How does weight affect risk of heat injury?

A

Death from heat stroke increase 4:1 as body weight increases

34
Q

What must be monitored for heat index?

A

Heat, sunshine, and humidity

35
Q

What is a measure for heat index?

A

Wet bulb globe temperature index

36
Q

WBGT

A

3 thermometer readings:

  • dry bulb
  • wet bulb
  • black bulb
37
Q

Dry bulb

A

Standard Mercury temp

38
Q

Wet bulb

A

Thermometer with wet gauze that is swung around in the air

39
Q

Black bulb

A

Black casting that measures radiant heat

40
Q

Heat syncope

A
  • Associated with rapid fatigue and overexposure
  • peripheral vasodilation—> pooling of blood in extremities—> dizziness and fainting
  • treat by placing athlete in cool environment, consuming fluid and laying down
41
Q

Heat cramps

A

-painful muscle spasms due to excessive water loss and electrolyte imbalance

42
Q

What type of individual get heat cramps?

A

In good shape that overexerts themselves

43
Q

How do you treat heat syncope?

A

Placing athlete in cool environment, consuming fluids, and laying down

44
Q

Exertional heat exhaustion

A
  • inadequate fluid replacement

- unable to sustain adequate cardiac output

45
Q

Symptoms of exertions like heat exhaustion

A
  • profuse sweating
  • pale skin
  • mildly elevation temp
  • dizziness
  • nauseous
  • Vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • hyperventilation
  • persistent muscle cramps
  • loss of coordination
46
Q

Core temp of heat exhaustion

A

Less than 104

47
Q

How to mange heat exhaustion

A
  • immediate fluid ingestion
  • cool environment
  • remove clothing
  • monitor vial signs
48
Q

When can athlete return to play after heat exhaustion?

A

Must be fully hydrated and cleared by physician

49
Q

What can heat exhaustion progress to?

A

Exertional heat stroke

50
Q

Exertional heat stroke

A
  • life threatening
  • Unknown specific cause
  • breakdown of thermoregulatory mechanism
51
Q

Characteristics of heatstroke

A
  • sudden onset
  • sudden collapse
  • LOC
  • CNS disfunction
  • flushed hot skin
  • minimal sweating
  • shallow breathing
  • strong rapid pulse
  • core temp > 104
52
Q

Heat stroke management

A

-strip clothing
-cold water immersion
-transport to hospital immediately
(Cool first, transport second)

53
Q

When can athlete return to practice after heat stroke?

A

Avoid exercise for minimum of one week and gradually return

54
Q

Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

A
  • sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscles
  • associated w/ individuals that have sickle cell trait
55
Q

When does Rhabdomyolysis occur and what are the symptoms?

A

Intense exercise in heat and humidity

  • gradual muscle weakness
  • swelling
  • pain
  • dark urine
  • renal dysfunction
  • severe–> sudden collapse, renal failure and death
56
Q

Exertional Hyponatremia

A
  • fluid and electrolyte disorder

- abnormally low concentration of sodium in blood

57
Q

What causes Hyponatremia?

A
  • ingesting too much fluid before, during, and after exercise
  • Too little sodium in diet or too much ingested fluid over a period of prolonged exercise
58
Q

Who is at risk for hypotremia?

A

Athletes that ingest large quantities of water and sweat over several hours (marathon)

59
Q

Signs of Hyponatremia

A
  • progressively worsening headache, nausea, vomiting
  • swelling of hands, feet
  • Lethargy, apathy, agitation
  • low blood sodium
  • could compromise CNS and create a life-threatening condition
60
Q

how to treat Hyponatremia

A

Transport to medical facility and deliver sodium, diuretics, or IV

61
Q

Hypothermia

A

Abnormally low body temp

62
Q

What increases risk for hypothermia?

A
  • Temp
  • wind chill
  • dampness or wetness
63
Q

What happens when temp drops below 85-90 degrees?

A

Shivering stops

64
Q

What temp is death imminent?

A

77-85

65
Q

How to prevent hypothermia

A

Appropriate apparel and monitoring condition

66
Q

Heat loss> heat production

A

Impairment of neuromuscular function

67
Q

What can localized cooling create?

A

Tissue damage—> formation of ice crystals between cells, destroys cells, disrupts blood flow, clotting may occur

68
Q

Frost nip (3)

A
  • ears, nose, chin, fingers, toes
  • occurs with high wind and/ or severe cold
  • skin appears firm with cold painless areas that may peal and blister (24-72 hrs)
69
Q

Frost bite

A

Due to poor peripheral circulation

70
Q

Superficial frostbite

A

Involves only skin and subcutaneous tissue (appears pale, hard, cold, and waxy)

71
Q

Deep frost bite

A

Indicates frozen tissues requiring hospitalization

72
Q

How else can frost bite occur?

A

Improper use of cold packs

73
Q

How does altitude affect performance?

A

-max oxygen uptake decreases—> decrease in performance

74
Q

How does the body compensate with altitude?

A

Tachycardia and hyperventilation

75
Q

Acute mountain sickness

A
  • 1/3 people will experience when jumping from 7000-8000

- headache, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, dyspnea

76
Q

Sickle cell trait relation to altitude

A
  • when hemoglobin is deoxygenated, cells clump together causing blood cell to develop sickle shape making it easy to destroy
  • causes enlarged spleen to rupture at high altitude
77
Q

Sickle cell trait

A
  • 8-10% African Americans have this
  • most cases trait is benign
  • abnormal red blood cell and hemoglobin structure
78
Q

What is the #2 cause of death by weather?

A

Lightening

79
Q

What must be set to avoid lightening injury?

A

Emergency plan involving chain of command, monitoring of weather service, decision making regarding removal and return to field (spectators and athletes)

80
Q

Flash to bang count

A
  • estimates distance away from storm
  • Count from lightening to thunder (divide by 5 to calculate miles away)
  • 30 secs indicates inherent danger
  • 15 secs indicates everyone should leave the field
81
Q

how long should you stay off the field during lightening delay?

A

30 minutes following last thunder or lightening

Kinesiology (23 decks)

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