Chapter 9: Exam 1 Flashcards by Jessica Bond

Trauma

A physical injury or wound produced by internal or external force

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why must an ATC know about the mechanics of an injury?

Knowing how the injury occurred helps narrow down what the injury might be

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes mechanical injuries?

Result from force or mechanical energy that changes state of rest or uniform motion of matter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Load

An external force acting on the body causing internal reactions within the tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stiffness

Ability of a tissue to resist a load (greater stiffness=greater magnitude a load can resist)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stress

Internal resistance to a load

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Strain

Change in shape tissue (ex. Length)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Elastic deformation

Occurs until the yield point and plastic deformation occurs until failure point (can bend/stretch without injury)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Yield point

Point where elastic deformation turns to plastic deformation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does tissue failure occur?

Results from forces that exceed the structural capacity of a tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why does each tissue have a different failure point?

Different tissues have different structural properties and can withstand different amounts of force before tissue failure and injury occur

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Compression

Force that results in tissue crush-2 forces applied towards one another

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tension

Force that pulls and stretches tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Shearing

Force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bending

Two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure (axial loading)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Torsion

Twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends (ex. High ankle sprain)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of Tissue Loading (5)

compression
tension
shearing
bending
torsion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary injury

Direct immediate consequence of excessive force

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Secondary injury

Delayed sometime after the initial trauma or an accommodation to the primary injury

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Acute injury (trauma)

Mechanical failure of tissue due to excessive force occurring in a single bout (ex. Muscle strain, ligament sprain)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chronic injury (overuse)

Mechanical failure of soft tissue due to repeated micro trauma occurring over an extended period of time. Gradual onset and prolonged duration (ex. Cramps, tendinitis, stress fracture)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscle strain

Stretch, tear, or rip to the muscle or adjacent tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscle strain causes (3)

Often unclear…
Abnormal muscle contraction due to..
-failure in reciprocal coordination of agonist and antagonist
-electrolyte imbalance due to profuse sweating
-strength imbalance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ranges of muscle strains

Mild separation of connective tissue to complete tendinous avulsion or muscle rupture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscle cramps

Involuntary muscle contractions due to electrolyte imbalance

Muscle guarding

Muscle contraction in response to pain **natural splinting

Clonic muscle spams

Involuntary, alternate between contraction and relaxation rapidly

Tonic muscle spasms

Constant contraction for long period of time

Tendon

Attaches muscle to bone and double the strength of the muscle it serves

Tendon injuries

- tendinitis - tenosynovitis - strain/ rupture

Mechanism of tendon strain/ rupture

High magnitude, single load, tensile forces

Mechanism of tendinitis/ tenosynovitis

Low magnitude, repetitive load, tensile forces

Mechanisms of compressive forces

Bony structures and external compression

Tendinitis

Gradual onset and diffuse tenderness, swelling and pain, without proper healing it can worsen and become tendinosis or tensynovitis ***rest

Contusions

Results from a sudden blow to the body

Results of contusions

Hematoma results from blood flow and lymph flow into surrounding tissue.

Prevention of contusions

Padding

Myositis ossificans

Chronically inflamed and contused tissues may result in generation of calcium deposits

Prevention of tendon injuries

Gradual loading

Ligaments

Attach bone to bone and are strongest in the middle and weakest in the ends

Ligament injuries (ACL)

-High magnitude, single load, tensile force

Ligament injuries (shoulder instability)

Low magnitude, repetitive load, tensile forces (constant tensile forces lead to ligamentous deterioration)

Dislocations and subluxations

Caused by bony surfaces not articulating correctly and results in separation of bony articulating surfaces

Subluxation

Partial dislocation causing incomplete separation of two bones. Bones spontaneously come back together

Dislocation

Total disunion of bony alignment which must be manually or surgically reduces (gross deformity)

Bone anatomical characteristics

- dense connective tissue matrix - outer compact tissue - inner porous cancellous bone

Epiphysis

End of the bone---> spongy bone surrounded by compact bone

Diaphysis

Center of the bone--->dense

Bone fractures classification

- open | - closed

Closed fracture

Little movement or displacement

Open fracture

Displacement of the fractured ends and breaking through the surrounding tissue

Signs and symptoms of bone fractures

- deformity - pain - point tenderness - swelling - pain on active and passive movements - false joint - possible crepitus

How to get a definite diagnosis for fracture

X-Ray

Seriousness of fracture

Serious if not managed properly

Greenstick fracture

Splinters

Comminuted

Compressive, crushed

Linear

Parallel

Transverse

Horizontal

Oblique

Diagonal

Spiral

Twisting; looks diagonal

Depressed fracture

Depressed below the normal surface (skull)

Epiphyseal conditions (3)

- injury to growth plate - articular epiphysis - apophyseal injuries

Epiphyseal injury ages

10-16 years old b/c bone is not fully developed and still growing

Classification of Epiphyseal conditions

Salter-Harris (5 types)

Stress Fracture other names

"March" "fatigue"

Cause of stress fracture (7)

Exact cause unknown: - overtraining - amenorrhea/ hormonal imbalance - inadequate nutrition - returning to competition too soon - "too much too fast" - footwear or foot biomechanics

Stress fracture symptoms

- swelling - point tenderness - vibration percussion will cause pain at site

Stress fracture treatment

- treated early-bony changes might not show up for several weeks - rest - immobilization

Most common nerve injury

Neuropraxia; produced by direct trauma

Common ways nerves get lacerated and compressed

Fractures and dislocations

What can abnormal nerve responses be attributed to?

Injury or athletic participation

Nerve responses to stress

- anesthesia - paresthesia - hyperesthesia

Anesthesia

Loss of sensation

Paresthesia

Altered sensation

Hyperesthesia

Increase sensitivity

Primary mechanisms of nerve injuries

Compression and tension

Nerve injuries:acute or chronic

Either

Neuropraxia

Interruption in conduction through nerve fiber

Neuropraxia cause

Compression or blunt trauma

Neuropraxia symptoms

- impact motor more than sensory | - temporary loss of function (hours to months)

Are nerve injuries painful?

Sometimes

Burner/stingers

- Caused by traction (most common) or compression - nerves are stretched - if repeated, it can cause long term injury