Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PathoPhysiology > Exam Two - endocrine two > Flashcards

Exam Two - endocrine two Flashcards

1
Q

_______ secretes steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

name the layers of the adrenal cortex from outer to inner

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Zona glomerulosa produces?

A

aldosterone
- sodium potassium balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

zona fasciculata produces?

A

glucocorticoids
(cortisol is the main one)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

zona reticularis produces?

A

androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The adrenal medulla produces?

A

catecholamines
- epinephrine (80%)
- corepinephrine (20%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which axis controls cortisol secretion?

A

HPA axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three main components of the HPA axis?

A

hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

in the HPA axis, the hypothalamus secretes what hormone?

A

CRH corticotropin releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in the HPA axis the anterior pituitary gland releases what hormone?

A

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in the HPA axis, the adrenal cortex releases what hormone?

A

cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______ is transported by corticosteroid-binding protein in the blood

A

cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

________ also stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH in the HPA axis

A

POMC or pro-opimelanocortin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T or F: cortisol has a negative feedback loop to control the release of CRH and ACTH?

A

True!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T or F? cortisol secretion control is continuous and diurnal

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

POMC

A
  • produced in anterior pituitary gland
  • stimulated by CRH
  • post-transitional modification produces ACTH and other peptides
  • tissues other than adrenal gland affected by POMC fragments and peptides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adrenal steroid synthesis is produced in the _________

A

adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______ is the base of all steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cortisol systemic effects

A
  • long-term stress mediation
  • protective against hypoglycemia (permissive)
  • mostly catabolic
  • promotes gluconeogenesis
  • immune system suppression
  • causes negative calcium balance
  • influences brain/nerve function (memory/attention enhanced, mood changes, decreased pain sensitivity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Adrenal glucocorticoids therapeutic uses

A
  • immunosuppressant effects (inflammatory responses, treat bee stings, poison ivy, pollen allergies, prevent rejection of transplant organs)
  • exogenous administration may shut down ACTH production and adrenal cells (producing adrenal cells atrophy, must carefully taper)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypercortisolism

A
  • adrenal tumor secretes cortisol
  • pituitary tumore secretes ACTH
  • iatrogrenic hypercortisolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

primary hypercortisolism

A

adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

secondary hypercortisolism

A

pituitary tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tiertiary hypercortisolism

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cushings disease

A

secondary hypercortisolism

26
Q

cushings syndrome

A

iatrogenic hypercortisolism

27
Q

hypocortisolism

A

addisons disease - hyposecretion of all steroid hormones

28
Q

TH function

A
  • promotes oxidative metabolism, protein synthesis, increases body heat
  • long-term effects on metabolism
  • not essential for life BUT
  • essential for growth and development in children and infants
29
Q

thyroid follicles are…

A

epithelial cells

30
Q

_____________ made in follicle cells

A

glycoprotein thyroglobulin

31
Q

center filled with ____ which holds supply of hormones

A

colloid

32
Q

thyroid hormones bind to plasma proteins such as ___________-

A

thyroid-binding globulin (TBG)

33
Q

target cells use __________ to remove iodine from T4 to make active T3

A

deiodinases

34
Q

C-cells produce _________-

A

calcitonin

35
Q

TH functions

A
  • promotes oxidative metabolism, promotes protein synthese, increases body heat
  • long term effects on metabolism
  • not essential for life
  • essential for growth and development in children and infants (necessary for full expression of GH in children)
36
Q

TH synthesis

A

1 - a Na I symporter brings I into the cell. The transporter moves I into colloid
2 - follicular cell synthesized enzymes and thyroglobulin for colloid
3 - thyroid peroxidase adds iodine to tyrosine to make T3 and T4
4 - thyroglobulin is taken back into the cell in vesicles
5 - intracellular enzymes separate T3 and T4 from the protein
6 - free T3 and T4 enter the circulation

37
Q

MIT

A

I + tyrosine
monoiodotyrosine

38
Q

DIT

A

I + MIT
dilodotyrosine

39
Q

T3

A

MIT + DIT

40
Q

T4

A

DIT + DIT

41
Q

T3 is more ____ but T4 is more_______

A

active, stable

42
Q

control of thyroid secretion

A

hypothalamus releases TRH
Ant. Pituitary releases TSH
Thyroid gland releases T3&T4
negative feedback from T3 and T4 at Ant. Pituitary and hypothalamus

43
Q

causes of hyperthyroidism

A
  • pituitary tumors secreting TSH
  • autoimmune disease: thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins mimic TSH (graves disease)
44
Q

effects of hyperthyroidism

A
  • goiters
  • increases oxygen consumption and metabolic heat production
  • increases muscle protein catabolism and may cause muscle weakness
  • hyperexcitable reflexes and psychological disturbances
  • influence heart b-adrenergic recepts
  • exophthalmos (bug eye)
45
Q

treatments for hyperthyroidism

A
  • surgical removal of gland
  • destroy with radioactive iodine
  • block biosynthesis of hormone
46
Q

cause of hypothyroidism

A
  • autoimmune disease (hashimotos)
  • insufficient dietary disease
  • others
47
Q

effects of hypothyroidism

A
  • goiters
  • reduced metabolic rate and oxygen consumptions (weight gain and cold senesitivities)
  • decreased protein synthesis
  • muscle weakness and aches
  • fatigue
  • myxedema (puffy)
  • nervous system changes in adults including: slowed reflexes speech and thought, memory problems, depression
  • bradycardia (slow)
  • cretinism (developmental disorder)
48
Q

treatment of hypothyroidism

A
  • thyroid medication (exogenous T4/3)
49
Q

_______ hypothyroidism is due to lack of iodine in diet

A

primary

50
Q

treatment for hypothyroidism

A

oral thyroid meds

51
Q

treatment for hyperthyroidism

A

removal or destruction of gland or block hormone synthesis

52
Q

GH effects are mostly…

A

anabolic

53
Q

GH and IGF stimulate…

A

protein synthesis

54
Q

GH jobs…

A
  • increase lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • decrease glucose uptake by muscle
  • increase blood glucose
55
Q

IGF only…

A

increase bone growth

56
Q

GH and IGF

A

increase muscle growth
increase soft tissue growth
increase cell proliferation and differentiation

57
Q

GH and IGFs inhibit ______ and promote __________

A

GHRH (negative feedback loop)
CHIH (somatostastin)

58
Q

IGFs inhibit ___ secretion directly

A

GH

59
Q

severe childhood deficiency of GH leads to

A

dwardism

60
Q

childhood of over-secretion of GH leads to

A

gigantism

61
Q

adults with excessive secretion of GH develop

A

acromegaly

62
Q

issues with genetically engineered human growth hormone (hGH)?

A
  • raises ethical questions
  • limited effectiveness
  • numerous side effects like insult resistance

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions