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PathoPhysiology > Exam Two - endocrine one > Flashcards

Exam Two - endocrine one Flashcards

1
Q

endocrinology

A

study of hormones

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2
Q

Which long term functions is the endocrine system responsible for?

A

metabolism
reg of internal environment
reproduction
growth
development

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3
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of action of the endocrine system?

A
  • rates of enzymatic reactions
  • transport of ions or molecule across cell membranes
  • gene expression and protein synthesis
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4
Q

steroid hormones act where?

A

inside cell

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5
Q

nonsteroid hormones act where?

A

on cell membrane
(peptide and amine)

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6
Q

What are the organs of the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal
parathyroid
thyroid
adrenal
pancreas

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7
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

hormones that tell other stuff what to do

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8
Q

hypothalamus makes what (tropic) hormones?

A

TRH
CRH
GHRH
SS
GnRH

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9
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary make?

A

oxytocin
vasopressin (ADH)

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10
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary make?

A

polactin (PRL)
growth hormone
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
thyrotropin (TSH)
follicle-stimulating hormone
lutinizing hormone

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11
Q

pineal makes…

A

melatonin

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12
Q

parathyroid makes…

A

PTH

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13
Q

thyroid makes…

A
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
  • thyroxine (T4)
  • calcitonin
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14
Q

adrenal makes…

A

aldosterone
cortisol
androgens

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15
Q

pancreas makes…

A

insulin and glucagon
pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin

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16
Q

describe the peptide hormone production process

A
  • mRNA makes preprohormone
  • preprohormone chain is directed to ER by a signal sequence
  • signal sequence is chopped off in the ER which leaves a prohormone
  • prohormone goes from ER to golgi
  • golgi chop off peptides and make active hormone
  • leave golgi in scretory vessicles
  • upon release signal, vessicle enters blood and seeks target tissues
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17
Q

peptide hormones are transported where?

A

the blood

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18
Q

the half life of peptide hormones are?

A

short

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19
Q

cellular mechanism of peptide hormones are…

A
  • bind to surface membrane receptors
  • cellular response through signal transduction system
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20
Q

Where are steroid hormones made generally?

A
  • adrenal cortex of adrenal glands
  • gonads
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21
Q

Are steroid hormones stored in the body?

A

no, they are synthesized as needed, not stored

22
Q

how are steroid hormones transported?

A

through the blood with carrier proteins bound to it

23
Q

half life of steroid hormones are?

A

long

24
Q

cellular mechanism of action of steroid hormones

A
  • cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors stimulate genomic effects
  • cell membrane receptors stimulate nongenomic responses
25
Q

melatonin from pineal gland is derived from?

A

tryptophan

26
Q

Amine hormones are derived from?

A

tyrosine

27
Q

one tyrosine makes…

A

catecholamines

28
Q

What are examples of catecholamines?

A
  • epinephrine
  • noreponephrine
  • dopamine
    (they behave like peptide hormones)
29
Q

two tyrosine molecules make?

A

thyroid hormones
(behave like steroid hormones)

30
Q

The ____ pituitary is an extension of nervous tissue

A

posterior

31
Q

the _____ pituitary is a true endocrine gland of epithelial origin

A

anterior

32
Q

The portal system connect ________ and __________ pituitary

A

hypothalamus, anterior

33
Q

two gonadotropins

A
  • FSH
  • LH
    controls hormones in the ovaries and testes
    sex hormones = steroids
34
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

thyrotropin - other name
controls hormone synthesis and secretion in the thyroid
thyroid hormones are amines

35
Q

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

A

also called adrenocorticotropin
controls hormone synthesis and secretion in the adrenal cortex
cortisol (steroid)

36
Q

prolactin

A

(PRL)
controls milk production in the female breast
has a hypothalamic release-inhibiting hormone

37
Q

growth hormone

A

also called somatotropin
affects metabolism
stimulates hormone production in the liver
has a hypothalamic release-inhibiting hormone

38
Q

vasopressin

A

(antidiuretic hormone ADH)
controls water balance (kidney reabsorption of water)
vasocontriction at high levels

39
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine constriction
milk production
emotions

40
Q

synergism

A

the effect of interacting hormones is more than additive

41
Q

permissive hormones

A

when one hormone has no effect, one hormone has little effect, but together the two hormones have a large effect

42
Q

antagonistic hormones

A

hormones have opposite effects that work together to maintain homeostasis

43
Q

example of antagonistic hormones

A

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate Ca homeostasis

44
Q

hypersecretion

A
  • exaggerates a hormones effect
  • excess hormone often caused by tumors or exogenous iatrogenic treatment
  • negative feedback may lead to atrophy of gland
45
Q

examples of hyper-secretion diseases

A
  • graves disease
  • acromegaly
46
Q

hyposecretion

A
  • diminishes or eliminates a hormones effect
  • deficient hormone: caused by decreases synthesis of materials or atrophy
  • absence of negative feedback leads to overproduction of hormones
47
Q

example of hyposecretion disease

A

addisons disease

48
Q

primary pathology

A
  • due to last endocrine gland in the pathway
49
Q

secondary pathology

A

due to pituitary gland

50
Q

tertiary pathology

A

due to hypothalamus

51
Q

downregulation

A
  • decreased number of receptors in response to abnormally high hormone levels
  • target cell is attempting to diminish its responsiveness to the excess hormone
  • hyperinsulinemia
52
Q

What are some receptor and signal transduction abnormalities

A
  • missing or nonfunctional receptors
  • cells fail to respond or respond inappropriately to hormone signals

PathoPhysiology (29 decks)

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